Biomedical waste (BMW) is any sort of litter generated in the course of human or animal research operations, such as diagnosis, treatment, or immunization, or during the development or trial of pharmaceutical products or in health camps. In dental sectors, BMW, if not adequately handled, can provide a number of health risks to dental practitioners, patients, and other dental healthcare service providers who operate in dental offices. The aim of the study is to examine the knowledge, awareness, and practice of BMW segregation among dental offices. A well-framed questionnaire containing 10 self-structured questions was formed and distributed among 100 students of dentistry through an online Google Forms link. The results were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using the Software SPSS. Chi-square test was performed to assess the P value. Biological waste segregation was known to 98% of the participants, in which most of them had more than 10 years of expertise in dentistry. It is evident that dentists with a lot of experience over the years in the field of dentistry possess considerably increased awareness regarding the segregation of BMWs in their dental offices. Chi-square test done between the years of experience in dentistry and the knowledge on BMW segregation reveals that 0.031 < 0.05 is the P value, which is statistically significant. Most dentists having experience of above 10 years in the field of dentistry have excellent knowledge and practice of segregating BMWs in their dental offices.

X-rays are electromagnetic waves produced by an X-ray machine and are used to observe the internal structures of patients. The X-rays pass through the body before being detected by the detector file or a digital detector behind the patient. To analyze the knowledge, awareness, and practice on conventional radiographic method and processing among the dental students. A well-framed questionnaire consisting of 10 questions were prepared and distributed among 100 dental professionals and students through the online Google forms link. The data were collected, tabulated in Excel sheets, and analyzed using the SPSS software. The Chi-square test was used to assess the P value. Sixty-five percentage of the participants are aware of conventional radiographic methods and 35% are not aware. The Chi-square test was done giving a P = 0.001 (<0.05), which is statistically significant. The dental students as compared to the other specialties have adequate and efficient knowledge and are aware of the conventional radiographic methods and its processing.

In dentistry, radiographs are often used to diagnose and assess problems relating to oral conditions as well as for better treatment planning. Even though the radiation risk offered by X-rays is minimal, the absorption of this lower level radiation in the individual for a long time challenges a health concern. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of lead aprons among dental practitioners and specialists in Tamil Nadu. A cross-sectional survey was performed around 100 dentists in Tamil Nadu, India, by framing standard questionnaires and collecting responses by online survey forms such as “Google Forms.” The statistical study was undertaken with SPSS version 22 and the Chi-square test was selected to determine the correlation. This study showed that lead aprons were regularly used by 63% of participants during radiation exposure. Thirty percent of participants were aware of radiation protection protocol but neglected to use lead aprons routinely (P = 0.113). About 91% of participants gave more preference for thyroid gland to protect it from dental radiation rather than other head-and-neck organs and 82% of them were using thyroid collars for patients during exposure (P = 0.671). Our survey shows that the usage of lead aprons is practiced strictly by dental practitioners under <5 years of clinical experience. However, dental practitioners and specialists were aware of radiation protective aprons but often neglected to use them in practice.

N20 omission or addition to the combination of an opioid and neuroleptic is referred to as neuroleptanalgesia and neuroleptanesthesia, respectively. Conscious sedation is the result of this evolution. The requirement for high-quality anesthesia that is also related with speedier recovery, improved comfort, and lower costs all support the concept of neuroleptanesthesia. A set of eight questions was formulated and circulated among the undergraduate and postgraduate students of Saveetha Dental College. Responses were collected and the data were entered into MS Excel sheet and transferred to SPSS for the analysis. Results were made into graphs and interpreted. In the present study, among the students who took part in the study, 36.3% of the students were postgraduates and 63.7% of them were undergraduates. About 45.2% of the students were not aware and 54.8% of the students were aware that neuroleptanalgesia refers to the combination of a potent sedative analgesic agent and a tranquillizer. Many of the students were not aware of what neuroleptic esthetic is and how it evolved. The current study showed that most students did not have enough knowledge about neurolept anesthesia. However, dentists should make efforts to improve knowledge, awareness of neurolept anesthesia for further advancement, and the need for high-quality anesthesia.

Tobacco contains various toxic contents which produce oxygen-free radicals that damage oral tissues. Since saliva encounters tobacco, it has antioxidant defense system and also can serve as a biomarker for oral diseases. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate salivary oxidative stress levels among smokers and chewers. Unstimulated saliva from 240 males who visited tobacco cessation clinic for the first time was collected. Standard protocol was followed to collect saliva and assess salivary antioxidant levels from 80 participants with the habit of smoking, smokeless, and both (smoking and smokeless) tobacco users. The collected data were statistically analyzed. The mean salivary superoxide dismutase and malonyldialdehyde levels were significantly high for participants with both habits (P < 0.000). There was a significant high reduction of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in participants with both habits (P < 0.000). Both smoking and smokeless tobacco modify salivary antioxidant activity. The estimation of salivary oxidative stress can serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for oral tissue damage and dysplasia. Furthermore, they can function as early biomarkers in preventing dysplastic changes in the oral cavity.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the association of Ellis Class 2 fracture in children aged between 13 and 17 years. This is a descriptive study that was carried out in a university context, using data from patients with Ellis Class 2 fractures between 13 and 17 years from June 2019 to February 2021, which were obtained by analyzing patient records. The records were transferred to the SPSS software for statistical analysis. The association of Ellis Class 2 fracture is common in relation to 11 which is about 29.41% and more common among the age group of 14 years and had a more male prediction. The knowledge of Ellis Class 2 fracture and its association with several parameters are essential in dentistry for various clinical performances. This can be accomplished by increasing awareness through Continuing Dental Education (CDE) programs, demonstrations, and seminars on the clinical regime of Ellis Class 2 fracture.

Trauma is a well-known issue in children, and its prevalence is on the rise more than that of dental caries in children. The objective of the study is to evaluate the association of Ellis class 1 fracture in children between 6 and 12 years. This study includes 45 males and 55 female patients of age 6–12 years. All the data regarding the study population was extracted from Dental Information Archiving Software-all patient records from management. The data collected were tabulated and imported to SPSS software. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square tests. Ellis class 1 fracture ordinarily is observed to affect the central incisors. Majority of school children of 6–12 years of age were more vulnerable to dental trauma. There is a strong association between Ellis class 1 fracture in children of 6–12 years of age.

The effectiveness of root canal therapy is dependent on the quality of obturation. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the obturation quality in pediatric patients of age 6–9 years reporting for pulpectomy treatment. Among the comprehensive data of patients attending Saveetha Dental College, a retrospective analysis of all the patients referred for pulpectomy was extracted. SPSS software version 19 was used to analyze the data gathered. Data were statistically evaluated using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: In the present study carried out, it was observed that the most frequent quality of obturation was normal (12.36%) and it is higher in the 7-year-old age category. The second frequent quality of obturation was voids (6.55%) and its higher in the 9-year-old age category. The results obtained were positively significant (P < 0.05). The most frequent quality of obturation was normal and it is higher in the 7 years category. The second frequent quality of obturation was voids with higher level in the 9 years category.

Malocclusion has been linked to various factors out of which certain dietary patterns and unhealthy habits are the most overlooked. The dietary patterns and unhealthy habits vary according to socioeconomic status. The present research was aimed to perform an association of malocclusion severity with socioeconomic status. This study was done in a retrospective manner and was conducted at Saveetha Dental College. A total of 241 clinical case records of the participants with malocclusion reporting for orthodontic therapy were selected and enrolled for the study. Data on the socioeconomic status and the severity of malocclusion as assessed with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTNs) index were noted. All these records were collected and entered into Excel and then analyzed through statistics. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric Chi-square tests were performed. From the analysis, the proportion of IOTN Grade 1 malocclusion (30%) was found to be the highest. The highest number of patients with Grade 1 malocclusion belonged to the lower socioeconomic class. Socioeconomic status and the severity of malocclusion were significantly associated with each other. Malocclusion prevalence and severity were more among participants belonging to lower socioeconomic groups.

Mandibular anterior crowding is caused by a variety of factors. Mandibular incisor crowding can be caused by a number of causes including incisor and molar inclination, early loss of deciduous molars, mandibular growth, and oral musculature. The study was aimed to perform an association of the lower anterior crowding severity with gender and type of malocclusion. The current study was performed in a hospital setup and data about mandibular arch crowding patients were collected from the Records management system of a Private Dental Hospital in Chennai city. All the patient data on Mandibular arch crowding were sourced and tabulated after which statistical analysis with SPSS-IBM was done. Data collection was done over a period from June 2019 to February 2021. The entire study sample size was 634 case records. The result obtained from the statistical analysis was found that nearly 46% of the patients were found to have Mandibular arch crowding with female predilection (50%). The most commonly associated age groups were children than adults (63.2%) associated with mild type of crowding (65.1%). The most commonly involved malocclusion was found to be Class 1 (88.4%) Mild imbrications of the lower arch were common and were seen mainly in subjects with Class I malocclusion. Female subjects presented with more prevalence of mandibular arch crowding when compared to male subjects. Children were more affected by crowding than adults.

Early childhood caries has an intricate etiology and it requires a helpless tooth surface, fermentable starches, and cariogenic microorganisms throughout some undefined time frame to start the carious cycle. Tooth-hued materials gained popularity in recent years for reestablishing primary and youthful blended dentitions. Hence, the main aim of this study was to investigate the choice of restorative materials in Class III dental caries in primary maxillary lateral incisors in 3–6-year-old children. Data collected from the records of the children 3–6 years of age for the choice of restorative materials of primary maxillary lateral incisors between September 2020 and February 2021 were included in the study. Retrospective study data were collected through the software DIAS and data analysis was carried out using Chi-square tests. Variation in the percentage of children who underwent restoration utilizing strip crowns was the highest within 3–4 years (38.26%) when compared to light composite restorations (LCR) (14.9%), whereas the least preferred restoration was glass-ionomer cement (5.37%) which was noted statistically significant. Considering the age group of 5–6 years preferred form of restoration was LCR (19.80%) when compared to strip crown (17.79%), whereas 4.70% of the treatment cases were utilized for glass-ionomer cement restorations. Strip crowns are a more predominantly used choice of restorative material in Class III dental caries in primary maxillary lateral incisors in between 3- and 6-year-old children.

Canine impaction, ectopic canines, canine transposition, canine transmigration, and agenesis are all caused by disturbances during development and eruption of the teeth. The position of the canines is of utmost importance, and they should be carefully inspected as they follow the longest path during eruption in the oral cavity and their shape and position play a major role in occlusal guidance. The prevalence of canine impaction may also be connected to the pattern of facial growth. The objective of this study was to analyze the association of vertical growth pattern and canine impaction in Dravidian population. The dental records were consulted for information. The patient information was gathered from the outpatient data records of patients who were treated with fixed orthodontic treatment at the private dental setup. Patients with canine impactions were shortlisted. Malocclusion, growth pattern, and type of impaction were recorded. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using statistical software. Out of 1385 subjects, 35 patients had impacted canines. Among 35 patients with impacted canines, 23 (65.71%) have a vertical growth pattern, 6 (17.14%) have an average growth pattern, and 6 (17.14%) have a horizontal growth pattern. According to the findings of this investigation, there was no gender-related difference in canine impaction. The canine impaction prevalence in Dravidian subjects was found to be 2.53%. Most of them with impacted canines had a vertical growth pattern.

Crossbite is a type of malocclusion in which teeth are positioned more buccally or lingually than their corresponding opposing tooth in the upper or lower dental arch, resulting in a lateral mismatch of the teeth in the dental arches. Crossbite can be unilateral or bilateral, and it can be anterior or posterior. The link between crossbite and skeletal growth pattern remains uncertain. The current study aimed to find the prevalence of crossbite in subjects visiting a private dental hospital and evaluate if there is any association between crossbite and skeletal growth pattern. Data required for the study were procured from the dental information archiving software. The data were sorted and entered into an Excel spreadsheet. IBM SPSS software version 23 was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Graphs and tables were used to interpret the findings. the prevalence of crossbite was found to be 6.4%. Subjects with horizontal growth pattern commonly had crossbite, but no statistical significance (P = 0.07), standard deviation (1.011), was noted. There was no statistically significant association between different skeletal growth patterns however subjects with horizontal growth pattern reported more commonly with crossbite.

The presence of calcifications or hard deposits within the pulp chamber of the teeth is referred to as pulp stones. There is a geographic and ethnic variation in the occurrence of these calcifications in the population. The article assessed the occurrence of pulp stones. As a secondary objective, the gender or age difference was also assessed. This study was carried out retrospectively by analyzing the archived dental radiographs. A total of 100 radiographs were taken for the analysis based on random sampling. The selected samples were scanned for the occurrence of pulp stones. From a total of 100 subjects, 15% had more than one pulp stone. This study revealed the prevalence of dental stones in the sample population was low. However, of the teeth examined, the mandibular arch had a higher incidence when compared to the maxillary arch. No significant correlation was found among gender or age. Further studies on a larger scale are required to find possible associations that would help determine clinical outcomes.

Anterior open bite (AOB) is the insufficient vertical overlapping between the maxillary and mandibular anteriors when the teeth are in centric occlusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of AOB in children and adolescents who visited a private dental hospital. In this study, subjects aged between 16 and 18 years with AOB were included. Data about orthodontic examination of patients were taken from preentered dental records of the hospital. Data of patients with AOB regarding age, gender, and intraoral and extraoral features were collected from the case records of the subjects, and statistical analysis was performed (Chi-square test and nonparametric correlations). The prevalence percentage of open bite in the anteriors was 2.7%, with more prevalence in Class 1 subjects (81.5%). Subjects with AOB had competent lips (81.8%), straight nasolabial angle (86.8%), and shallow palatal vault (49.5%). AOB had no significant relationship with the type of malocclusion, palatal vault, and lip competency, according to the Chi-square test. AOB and the nasolabial angle had a significant association. Both acute and right-angled nasolabial angles were commonly seen in adolescent patients with AOB. In children and adolescents visiting a private dental hospital in Chennai, the prevalence of AOB was found to be 2.7%. A significant association was observed between AOB and nasolabial angle.

Dental caries is the disease of the oral cavity with serious oral health concern. It affects 50% of the schoolchildren worldwide. The consequences affect quality of life and may lead to socioeconomic crisis. The study was undertaken with the aim to understand the prevalence of class I caries in the second mandibular primary molar in 3–6-year-old children. The data were collected from the institutional patient records between September 2020 and February 2021. Of 6828 children, 100 children with class I caries in the mandibular second molar were included in the study. Data analysis was performed to find the association. On analyzing the correlation between age and prevalence of class I caries, all the age groups (i.e., 3–6 years) have almost equal prevalence of class I caries in both left and right second mandibular primary molars. On analyzing the correlation between gender and prevalence of class I caries, male children constitute about 56% of overall prevalence. About 43% of female children constitute class I caries. From the present study, it shows that there is high prevalence of class I caries in the second mandibular primary molar in children of 3–6 years of age. Knowledge on caries pattern on individual teeth and risk factors will help control and reduce dental caries.

Marine actinobacteriological investigation is still in its beginning in India. Earlier, in the 20^th century, studies on Actinobacteria were started and highly concentrated on diversity, identification, and screening for enzymes, antibiotics, and enzyme inhibitors. With the spurge of infectious diseases requiring antibiotics, novel antibiotics are in search as the prevalent ones have declined uses, due to the antibiotic-resistant microbial growth. Unexploited ecosystems are studied for isolation of rare species such as Actinobacteria which are expected to yield newer metabolites. The marine actinobacterial isolation and enumeration were done from sediment samples. The marine Actinobacteria were identified by conventional methods. Further amylase enzyme production and their antibacterial activities are also done following the standard methods. The Micromonospora sp. was identified by chemotaxonomical characteristics and spore chain morphology. Further, the amylase enzyme production was done and quantification of enzyme also done. The potential antimicrobial activity from the amylase enzyme was done. Zone of inhibition and minimal inhibitory concentration were calculated. It concluded that potent antibacterial activity was obtained from Actinobacteria Micromonospora sp. producing amylase enzymes.

Actinobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria are the largest phyla among the major species in the bacteria domain. Micromonospora sp. is one of the secondary metabolite-producing Actinobacteria, and it has a comprehensive spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antiviral, antiparasitic, diabetogenic anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, inhibitory of enzyme, antioxidant, and other biological activities. The objective of the study is to assess the antioxidant activity of the Actinobacterium Micromonospora sp. producing extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). Enumeration and isolation of Actinobacteria from sediment samples are done. The marine Actinobacteria, Micromonospora sp. are identified by melanoid pigments and other chemotaxonomical characteristics. EPS is produced from the potential marine Actinobacteria and their components are estimated. The total antioxidant value is found for the EPS. The antioxidant activity of the ascorbic acid equivalent which was 142.65 μg/ml was equivalent to 150 μg/ml of the total antioxidant activity of the EPS produced. The role of different antioxidants and the action in different diseases were challenged since they could act as many mechanisms such as reducing power, providing hydrogen to radicals, and scavenging activity (free radical). To conclude, the potent antioxidant activity was obtained from Actinobacteria Micromonospora sp. producing extracellular substances. These extracts might bear anticancer metabolites and are considered a potent anticancer drug.

Melanin is macromolecules which have been developed while oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds. It has been found that the majority of marine organisms produce melanin pigment. To obtain the melanin from marine actinobacteria and their biological properties are studied. Isolation and identification of marine actinobacteria were carried out using the media of ISP-1, ISP-7. Spore chain morphology, chemotaxonomic characteristics were also analyzed by the International Streptomyces Project. The antioxidant activities of DPPH, lipid peroxide using actinobacterial melanin were determined. The Streptomyces species have the capacity to produce melanin pigments and it shows potential antioxidant properties. When DPPH concentrations were compared with the ascorbic acid standard, the melanin of 150 μg/ml showed 93.47% of scavenging. The present study was concluded that melanin pigment obtained from marine actinobacterium of Streptomyces species has potential antioxidant activities and these components might be useful to pharmaceutical industries.

To extract the melanin pigment from marine microbes and their biological potential, the present study was done. Isolation and identification of the melanin-producing Nocardiopsis sp. were obtained from the sediment samples. Zone of inhibition and minimal inhibitory concentration test was performed using melanin. Melanin was extracted from sediment-associated marine Nocardiopsis sp. In the present study, marine actinobacterium was identified by the conventional method, and the isolate was identified as Nocardiopsis sp. Melanin was extracted, and antibacterial activities were performed against different pathogens and the highest zone of inhibition is more in the E. coli while related to another two species. From previous observation done by Fu et al., they have said that marine actinobacteria have the ability of antimicrobial activity, which is very much helpful in producing the potential antimicrobial drugs this was similar to our study that marine actinobacteria have the capability to produce melanin pigment, and at the same time, it helps as to show the antibacterial activity. We concluded that melanin is produced by the Nocardiopsis sp. We also found that melanin extracted from the Nocardiopsis sp. of marine actinobacterium also has an antibacterial effect.

The enriched nutritional and functional properties of inulinase with wide attention are considered commercial/industrial food enzymes. It can be produced by many microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi, and bacteria. Nocardiopsis is a genus under Actinomycetes, which has biotechnologically important microorganisms. This study aims to isolate and identify marine Actinomycetes Nocardiopsis species and to evaluate the antibacterial potential of the inulinase enzyme obtained from it. Marine actinobacteria (Nocardiopsis sp.) were isolated from sediment samples on YM agar. The isolate was identified by biochemical analysis of cell walls (amino acid and sugar). Enzyme screening assay was performed with temperature and pH influence in the production inulinase enzyme production. Antibacterial activity and minimal inhibitory activity of inulinase enzyme were performed with Staphylococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial testing revealed that with higher concentrations of inulinase enzyme, the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth increased, and the minimum inhibitory concentration of inulinase enzyme that prevented the growth of bacteria was close to the standard tetracycline. Inulinase enzyme obtained from Nocardiopsis species shows good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa in comparison to the standard, tetracycline.

When compared to other teeth, third molars have a greater rate of impaction. Third molars that have been impacted are commonly encountered in dental practice, and it is the reason for complications in third molar surgery. The most commonly performed surgical procedure by dental practitioners is the third molar extraction. Despite a well-planned surgical approach, there are complications in lower third molar extractions. This study analyzes the expected difficulty during surgical removal of lower third molars that are impacted. This study analyzes the expected difficulty during the removal of impacted lower third molars by surgery. With the data from our dental institution database, the difficulty index by Pederson was used to evaluate the difficulty level of the extraction. Using SPSS, data were analyzed and results were obtained. Among impacted left mandibular third molars (38), minimal difficulty in 20.60% of the extractions, moderate difficulty in 29.58% of the extractions, and most difficulty in 2.77% of extractions were present. Among impacted right mandibular third molars (48), minimal difficulty in 18.80% of the extractions, moderate difficulty in 25.78% of the extractions, and most difficulty in 2.47% of extractions were present. According to our study, there is moderate difficulty in impacted lower third molar surgery, and it depends on factors such as systemic status and patient's age, periodontal condition, and complexity of tooth position in the dental arch.

Among several treatment modalities done in dental clinics, dental extractions are the most frequently carried out treatment. Tooth extraction is indicated in cases such as chronic periodontal disease, abscess, root caries, root stumps, fractured teeth, and failed root canal treatments with the persistence of periapical cysts or granulomas, impacted teeth, or to facilitate orthodontic or prosthodontic rehabilitation. The consequence of routine tooth extraction could lead to dentoalveolar diseases, which cause tooth loss. The various complications of surgical procedures are delayed wound healing, postoperative bleeding, remnant bony spicules, and nerve paresthesia. This study aimed to assess the impact of nonsurgical tooth extraction on the quality of life of patients. Institutional patient data from January 2021 to April 2021 were analyzed, in which 2000 patients who had undergone extractions at our dental institution were included in our study. The data evaluating the patients' quality-of-life postextraction were recorded. It included speech variation, social interaction, postoperative pain, sleep impairment, and inability to work. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS, and results were obtained. Most men (49%) experienced an inability to work compared to women (25%). 38% of females had moderate-to-severe pain, whereas males (21%) had only mild pain. 21% of males are isolated socially due to feeling sick, whereas 20% of females are isolated socially due to pain. Speech was affected more postextraction. Most of the patients could not go to work for 1–3 days following the removal of the tooth. Most of the patients were pleased with the procedure, with their symptoms disappearing after the procedure, and were not worried about dental extractions.

Surgical sutures are the most well-known surgical biomaterial device for ligating blood vessels. The primary goal of wound closure is to align wound margins to provide a closed and stable environment. Sutures with lesser tensile strength are susceptible to break throughout the healing process due to edema. To evaluate the tensile strength of absorbable and nonabsorbable suture materials after immersion in fruit juices. In this in vitro study, eight samples of commercially available sutures such as black silk and vicryl were divided into two groups: sample -1 were immersed in grape juice and sample -2 were immersed in lemon juice for 1 week. Universal testing machine INSTRON E300 UTM was used to test the tensile strength of various suture materials. The data are statistically analyzed using an independent t-test. The P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The mean of vicryl suture after immersion in grape and lemon juice was found to be 34.445 and 43.39; the mean value of black silk after immersion in grape and lemon juice was found to be 36.95 and 33.1. The tensile strength of black silk was slightly lower than the vicryl. Independent sample t-test showed that P = 0.561 (>0.05) which is statistically insignificant. Vicryl suture tested to have the highest tensile strength along with excellent knot holding capacity than black silk suture after immersion in fruit juices.

For nearly a century, hairs of animals and humans were employed in forensic research. It is found to be stable in certain environments, and thus, they are frequently retrieved at scenes of crime, and it is important to verify whether they are either human or animal. The present research was done at comparing the morphological differences among human hair and animal hair using a stereomicroscope. Samples of hair forming the outer coat of some autochthonous domestic and human remnants were evaluated in this study. Long strands of guard hair shaft were investigated by stereomicroscope accordingly. Microphotographs were taken in an iPad camera. The microscopic characteristics of cat hair samples showed the presence of small spikes on the surface, whereas the human hair sample showed a smooth appearance with no irregularities. The microscopic analyses of the human hair sample and cat hair sample under stereomicroscope suggest hair samples can be used as forensic evidence in crime scene investigation. The comparison of both the hair samples was done, and the differences were significantly evident.

Hair is a feature that is only found in mammals. In all species, it is an epidermal protrusion composed of an outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla. Hair's primary purpose in mammals is to aid with thermoregulation. Every domestic animal species has a distinct hair pattern that can be used in forensic investigations. The aim of the present study is to observe the different animal hairs under stereomicroscope for forensic analysis. Hair is a unique characteristic seen only in mammals. It is an epidermal protrusion composed of an outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla in all species. The primary function of hair in animals is to aid with thermoregulation. Every domestic animal species has a specific hair pattern that forensic investigators can employ. The shaft profile was straight in all the animal hairs. In the proximal end, the root was absent because the hair was cut from the respective animals. Cuticles were absent in all the hair strands. The surface texture was smooth in dog hair, rough and spiculated in cat hair, and coarse in horse and rat hair. Microscopic examination of hairs reveals morphological distinctions that allow animal hairs from different species to be distinguished. In forensic investigations, microscopic examinations of various animal hairs are useful.

Flexural strength is the bend strength or stress which causes failure in bending of the material. Composite is the widely used restorative material in the era of esthetic dentistry as it provides better esthetic and mechanical support for both posterior and anterior teeth. The term “thermocycling” refers to the process of changing temperatures in the mouth. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of thermocycling on flexural strength in two different composite filling materials. Twelve samples of packable type composite filling material, among which four samples prepared were from Restofill l (Group 1) and four were prepared from Ivoclar Vivadent (Group 2) for the study. Bar-shaped composite resin specimens were prepared with dimensions of 2 mm × 2 mm × 25 mm. Then, the eight samples were subjected to a thermocycling process and four left as control. This was followed by the determination of maximum force by a universal testing machine, and then, the collected data were used to determine flexural strength using the formula. The determining flexural strength was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 by Independent sample t-test. The mean flexural strength of thermocycled Restofill composite filling material is 6.73, whereas the nonthermocycled Restofill sample showed 5.58 and the mean flexural strength of thermocycled Ivoclar Vivadent composite filling material was 5.08. The difference was not statistically significant with P = 0.978 >0.05. The current study concludes that the flexural strength of the Restofill composite (Group 1) was higher than the Ivoclar composite (Group 2). Hence, thermocycling affects the flexural strength of composite resin.

To check the ability of the anticancer activity, the extracted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from marine actinobacteria were done. Potential of the anticancer activity of EPS which was extracted from marine actinobacteria of Streptomyces species through an assay called MTT. Marine actinobacterial isolation, identification and micromorphology of the strain, and biochemical analysis were performed (Shirling and Gottlieb, 1966). The production of EPS from marine actinobacteria was quantified(P. Sivaperumal et al., 2018). Carbohydrate content in the EPS was quantified, and MCF-7 cell proliferation was done using an MTT assay. EPS-producing marine Streptomyces was isolated and identified. The production of EPS and their protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and other parameters were estimated. Further, the EPS showed more than 50% of inhibition after 72 h using the MTT assay in the MCF-7 cancer cell line. The present study exhibited that EPS from marine Streptomyces species has significant anticancer activity.

With recent advancements in digital dentistry, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) processed prostheses have been in very much use recently. This study aims to assess and compare the properties of these materials to better enable the practitioners to select the type of materials for use in a normal clinical practice. This research study was commenced after the approval by our Institutional Review Board (IHEC/SDC/PROSTHO/21/119). Twelve specimens of each group (group 1: CAD/CAM milled prostheses and group 2: three-dimensional (3D) printed prostheses using rapid prototyping) were prepared using the ISO standardization 10477:2004. The flexural strength of the samples that were prepared was tested using a universal testing machine and the values obtained were evaluated. Other samples (ISO standardized) were collected for evaluation of color changes postaging and surface roughness of both groups. Unpaired t-test to analyze flexural strength and surface roughness and Paired t-test was used to statistically analyze the values obtained for color stability. Group 1 showed significantly higher flexural strength and significantly better color stability when the samples were subjected to thermocycling. The mean strength obtained for 3D printed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was 80.06MPa, whereas the mean flexural strength recorded for milled PMMA was 128.32 MPa. There was not much difference observed in the surface roughness of both groups. CAD/CAM milled specimens presented with better color stability and strength when compared to 3D printed specimens. Practitioners should be cautious while using three-dimensionally printed temporary prostheses in the posterior tooth region.

Resin-based composites have been widely used to reconstruct anterior and posterior teeth, as dentistry has progressed and there has been an increasing interest in the creation of suitable materials to replace damaged tooth tissue. The aim of the study is to compare the effect of fruit juices on the surface roughness of bulk fill and flowable composite restorative material. A total of 8 bulk fill composite and flowable composite resin disc samples were made. These eight samples were tested for surface roughness following immersion in three juices which were pineapple juice, lime juice, orange juice, and distilled water as the control group. They were immersed at room temperature for 7 days. Surface roughness was evaluated by the Mitutoyo SJ-310 contact profilometer. It showed that there was a decrease in the Ra value of flowable composite when compared to bulk fill composite. Rq and Rz values were more for the flowable composite resin group. Flowable composite resin samples had more surface roughness than bulk fill dental composite restorative material after exposure to pineapple, lime, and orange juices.

Stature is an essential measurement in anthropometry that resolves individual representation of the body. Forensic determination is the resolution of origin, sex, and natural height. Many previous study has been done on estimation of height using various measurements of teeth and skull. The aim of this study was to estimate stature from head circumference and to derive a linear regression formula between them. The study was conducted in Saveetha Dental College among 70 1^st year students (35 males and 35 females). Stature was measured using a stadiometer and head circumference was measured using measuring tape. All the measurements were tabulated and linear regression equation was done using the SPSS software (version 23). For males, Y = 1.85x + 71.12, r = 0.487; for females, Y = 2.07x + 46.24, r = 0.433. By the study, we know that in both genders, head circumference has moderate correlation in estimating stature. From the present research, we conclude that head circumference is a moderately reliable parameter for stature estimation in both genders.

Tooth discoloration is considered as one of the most common dental problems among people, and in dentistry, the most common cases are claimed after the restoration. Therefore, in this research, we aim to evaluate the effect of carbonated beverages on the color stability of bulk and flowable composite resin. For the study, 12 composite disc samples were made using the standard dimensions of 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thick. To find the color stability, we used a VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer. We used two different composites of bulk fill and flowable composite resin; the composite brand we used was Tetric ecom plus; as an immersion medium, we used two different carbonated beverages, and the chosen beverages were Appy Fizz and 7Up. 24-h and 7-day postimmersion color stability was evaluated. In the results of postimmersion, we have found the Delta E value for 24 h immersion of flowable and bulk fill composite as 5.8115 and 7.4378, respectively; similarly, the Delta E value for 7 days immersion of flowable and bulk fill composite was 9.9559 and 10.1028, respectively. Using the independent “t”-test, we found that the significance is 0.633 and 0.328, which was statistically not significant. In the present study, when immersed in Appy Fizz juice and 7Up juice, bulk fill composite resins have shown greater discoloration when compared to flowable composite resin material. Thus, the flowable composite resin samples were more color stable.

The study's objective was to assess the effectiveness of conventional and laser-assisted desensitization in treating dentinal hypersensitivity (DH). Twenty patients were divided into experimental and control groups. Following scaling, patients in the control group were instructed to utilize desensitization paste; however, after comprehensive scaling, patients in the experimental group received treatment with the erbium, chromium, yttrium, scandium, gallium garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser. Before laser emission, the visual analog scale (VAS) score was obtained for both groups. Postoperative VAS scores were recorded right away, 1 week and 1 month later for the test group, and 1 week and 1 month later for the control group, following the use of desensitizing paste. In comparison to the control group, the Er, Cr: YSGG laser treatment had a substantially higher desensitizing impact right away, according to the data. The variances in the mean VAS scores between baseline and all time periods after treatment for the test group were statistically significant. At any subsequent assessment, there were no discernible variations in plaque index between the test and control groups. The Er, Cr: YSGG laser is found to be more effective than the control group in treating DH within the confines of this investigation.

Stature is the height of an individual in an upright position. It is one of the key characteristics, which helps in defining any individual. Stature estimation is needed mostly in medicolegal cases where only a limited number of human fragments are left for forensic analysis. The teeth provide essential measurements that can be used to determine stature. The aim of the study is to find out whether the second maxillary interpremolar distance can be used to effectively estimate stature of individuals. For the study, the sample size taken was 60 (30 male and 30 females), and their second maxillary interpremolar distance was measured using a digital vernier caliper. The collected data were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (23), followed by linear regression. For male: Y = 178.65 − 1.09X, correlation coefficient, r = 0.05, For female: Y = 169.30 − 1.99X, correlation coefficient, r = 0.13. Since r < 0.2, there is no correlation between the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar and the stature. From our study, we conclude that the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar cannot be a reliable parameter for stature estimation in both genders.

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a material used for restoration in dentistry. The stress in a material right before it yields in a flexure test is referred to as flexural strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of two different glass ionomers after immersion in fruit juices. Five samples of D-Tech and Shofu GIC were prepared from each for the in vitro study. The eight samples were subjected to a flexural strength process and two were left as control which was followed by the determination of maximum force and displacement, then the collected data were used to determine flexural strength and analyzed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). The mean value of flexural strength of the D-Tech GIC immersed in fruit juices is 4.4375 and the mean value of Shofu GIC immersed in fruit juices was 8.4975. Paired t-test was done between the two groups and the P value was 0.00, which is considered highly statistically significant. From this study, it is evident that the GIC brand Shofu has higher flexural strength compared to D-Tech. Flexural strength was decreased for both the GIC groups when immersed in grape juice.

Carbonated beverages have side effects on oral health and general health. Flexural strength is a prime mechanical property of restorative material. The aim of this study is to know the effect of carbonated beverages on the flexural strength of composite restorative material. Two types of composites (Ivoclar and Restofill) were used as samples for comparative evaluation of flexural strength. The sample size is 10 where 5 of each type of composites are included. The obtained samples were immersed in carbonated beverages. One sample of each type was used as a control. After 24 h, the flexural strength of all the 10 samples was evaluated using the formula (3FL/2bd²), and the values were tabulated. Average values and graphs were done using SPSS software. The results showed the changes in flexural strength of both Ivoclar and Restofill materials when immersed in carbonated beverages. The mean value of all the samples was taken, and the standard deviation was calculated. After immersion in carbonated liquids, the mean value of Ivoclar and Restofill samples is 58.9 and 35.01, respectively. P = 0.718 (>0.05), which was not statistically significant. After immersion in Coke, the Restofill group exhibits more flexural strength than the Ivoclar group composite; however, the strength reduces when immersed in Sprite as compared to the Ivoclar group composite.

Resin-based composites are increasingly employed in dental restorations due to their esthetics. Flexural strength is the characteristic feature of a substance, and it can be described as the stress present in the material just before it renders in a flexure test. The purpose of this study was to determine the flexural strength of a bulk-fill composite following immersion in fruit juices. Ten samples of bulk-fill type composite filling material were created, with four samples from Restofill (Group 1) and four samples from Ivoclar Vivadent (Group 2). Out of which, four specimens of each brand were included for immersion in fruit juices; two specimens were kept as control. The eight samples were put through a flexural strength test, with four remaining as controls, before being measured for maximum force and displacement on the Instron E3000 universal testing equipment. SPSS version 23 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) was used to examine the calculated flexural strength. The composite Ivoclar has a mean flexural strength of 20.52, whereas the composite Restofill has a mean flexural strength of 20.55. The P value for the independent sample t-test between the two groups, Ivoclar and Restofill, was 0.089 (>0.05), which is statistically insignificant. It is clear from this research that the bulk-fill composite resin Ivoclar has a low flexural strength when compared to the sample Restofill after immersion in fruit juices.

Taking an online course requires more motivation and self-discipline than taking a classroom-based course. One or more teachers and peers may keep a student responsible for their course work in a classroom. Online classes, on the other hand, enable us to set our own targets, chart our success, and follow deadlines. An awareness-based, self-administered questionnaire was created. The target audience for the study received a link to the questionnaire through Google Docs. The participants were given a thorough explanation of the survey's objectives. Pie charts with a frequency table were created after the survey findings were known. A Chi-square test was used to examine for associations in the statistics, and a P = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The overall satisfaction level with online classes among students was, 57% were not satisfied with online classes, 31% were satisfied, and 12% were extremely satisfied. Most commonly students were not satisfied with both genders. However, majority of the females were not satisfied. This difference was statistically significant (Pearson's Chi-square value: 1.999, df = 2, P = 0.368 (>0.05) – significant). Eighty percent of the students have faced difficulties while attending online classes. However, 92% of the students have agreed that the technology helped them to attend their online classes.

The use of ultrasonics (US) has greatly expanded in the field of dentistry. Over the past few decades, the application of US has increased substantially in endodontics owing to the predictable prognosis and ease of operation. The objective of this survey was to determine the knowledge, practice, and attitude of US in endodontics among the general practitioners, postgraduates, and endodontists. An electronic questionnaire containing 16 questions regarding the knowledge, attitude, and practice of US in endodontics was circulated among the general dentists, postgraduates, and endodontists and the responses were collected online. Data were statistically examined using IBM SPSS software. A total of 202 dentists (general dentists = 92, endodontists = 77, and postgraduates = 33) participated in the survey. Eighty-nine percent of them were aware of the use of US in endodontics, 36.1% of them preferred using US in the removal of pulp chamber calcifications, pulp stones, access refinement, and troughing hidden canals, and 61.4% chose <3% sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation with US. The cost of the ultrasonic unit and heat generation during procedures were considered the greatest limitation in using the US. The majority of the dentists were well aware of the use of US and its advantages in various endodontic procedures but they did not use it routinely in their practice. The use of US has been reported to have greatly increased the predictability of endodontic treatment.

Pain is usually a very unpleasant experience, it can be felt by any age group whose sensory and cognitive components have been developed. Children tend to experience pain in around 65% of dental procedures. It can affect daily activities, and in many situations, it can lead to crisis. Since it is a developing child, the concept of pain can influence adversely in the mind of the child. The clinical records of all pulpectomy cases during the period between January 1, 2020, and January 1, 2021, were analyzed. Gender and age of the patients were also included in the study. The majority of children in our study group were males; children who had a proper abscess of any kind of symptoms tend to have a higher incidence of postoperative pain compared to children with the least symptoms. The study identified that children experienced less pain following multi-visit pulpectomy when compared with single visits during the 1^st 3 days. In children who were treated with both single-visit pulpectomy and stainless steel crown experienced no difference in pain perception in the first 3 days of appointment.

Complete removal of the infected coronal and radicular pulp tissue along with obturation of the canal space with suitable medication is defined as pulpectomy. The most common indication for pulpectomy is a tooth with irreversible pulpitis which shows symptoms of nocturnal pain and abscess. To determine the average time in appointments for multivisit pulpectomy in patients reported to a university dental hospital. It is planned as a retrospective analysis of the case records of patients who were treated as two visit pulpectomy procedures in a university dental hospital, India. The study concluded that in the majority of the situations the average time in between appointments for multivisit pulpectomy was found to be within 1 week.

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) releases fluorides and has good biocompatibility, carbonated drinks, sometimes known as fizzy drinks, are carbonated liquids that contain dissolved carbon dioxide, sweeteners, and natural or artificial flavoring. The aim of our study is to determine the flexural strength of GIC after immersing in carbonated beverages. Twelve samples of GIC filling material were used among which six samples prepared were from the Dtech brand and six were prepared from the Shofu brand for the in vitro study. Bar-shaped specimens were prepared from each group with the dimension of 2 mm × 2 mm × 25 mm. They were immersed in Sprite, fizz drinks, and in distilled water as a control group. The immersion period was 7 days. Then, the determination of maximum force and displacement was done using INSTRON E3000 (ElectroPuls) universal testing machine, then the collected data were used to determine flexural strength. The mean flexural strength of Dtech GIC was 24.84 ± 6.523 Mpa. The mean flexural strength of Dtech GIC was 18.57 ± 11.60 Mpa. The independent sample t-test showed that P = 0.247 (>0.05) which was statistically not significant. The flexural strength of GIC material decreased after being immersed in Sprite and fizz drinks.

Class I caries is located in the occlusal surface of molars and premolars. Dental care is an international public health challenge, mainly in young group children, as they are easily affected by caries with an increased addiction to sweets and chocolates. Caries begin early in life and progress rapidly and can affect a child in the long-term quality of life. The data were collected from the institutional patient records between June 2015 and February 2021. The details of 6831 pediatric patients were collected, of which 1500 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS software (IBM Corp, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY). P = 0.005 was set as level of significance. Highest prevalence of caries was seen in male children with P = 0.008 (<0.05), denoting that there is a significant association between gender and number of teeth affected with caries. When age group was considered, the caries prevalence was highest at the age of 4 years and the P value was statistically significant. The prevalence of class I caries in the second maxillary primary right molars was more than the second maxillary primary left molars and within the age group of 4 years.

Bonwill's triangle is an imaginary equilateral triangle formed when the centers of two condyles and each condyle with the medial mandibular incisal midpoint are joined. The dimensions of the tooth, with other bones of cranium, and the entire anatomical structure of body are in persistent association with the distance of the borders of the triangle. It can be used to study articulation of the mandible, complete dentures, and dental occlusion and can be related when treating mandibular fractures. The aim is to analyze the variations in the length of Bonwill's triangle in dry human mandibles and its dental implications. Forty dry human mandibles were taken to carry out this study. Distances between the center of the right condylar process to the inner medial mandibular incisal midpoint (A), the distance between the center of the left condylar process to the inner medial mandibular incisal midpoint (B), and the distance between the centers of right and left condylar process of mandible (C) were measured with the aid of digital vernier caliper. The statistics was evaluated and observed using the statistical analysis software SPSS (Version 20.0) and the mean and standard deviation was calculated. The mean length between right condyle center and medial mandibular incisal midpoint is 97.76 mm, between left condyle center and medial mandibular incisal midpoint is 98.55 mm, and between the right and left condyle centers is 97.39 mm. The values are almost equal to 4 inches. The mandibular measurements serve as an important factor for many clinical conditions especially related to dentistry. The results of this study can be of great significance when treating mandibular fractures and defects.

Soft denture liners evenly distribute functional loads over denture-bearing tissues. The liners aid in more evenly distributing the pressures of mastication to the underlying tissues by absorbing some of the masticatory forces. The study aimed to evaluate the brushing simulation influence on the surface roughness property of soft-tissue liners. A total of eight samples of Avue brand soft-tissue liners with the composition of varnish base and varnish catalyst were suspended into a standard template extracted and numbered sequentially and surface roughness was calculated using a stylus profilometer. A total of 30,000 cycles brushing were done, where the first group samples were brushed with Colgate toothpaste and the second group brushed with Dabur Red toothpaste using a toothbrush simulator (ZM3.8 SD Mechatronik). The data of both pre- and postbrushing values were recorded manually and statistically uploaded on SPSS software version 22 and values were represented in clustered bar graph forms. The significance value of Ra was 0.321. The significance value of Rq was 0.211. The significance value of Rz was 0.354, hence statistically, insignificant. In the present study, the surface roughness of soft-tissue liners is reduced to a minimal extent after brushing simulation.

The oculomotor triangle is denoted as the “Triangle of Hakuba” or the “Hakuba's Triangle.” This oculomotor triangle is a significant anatomical landmark. Oculomotor nerve, abducens nerve and part of the internal carotid artery (ICA) lie in this triangle. The determination of this analysis is to calculate the oculomotor triangle in dry processed skull bones of the south Indian population and its clinical significance. Fifty-one processed skulls of human origin were received from Anatomy Department, Basic Medical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College. Length from anterior–clinoid process (ACP) to posterior–clinoid process (PCP), length from PCP to APEX, and length from ACP to APEX were measured. Paired samples t-test was considered to analyze the values between the right triangle with the left triangle. From the measurements taken, the mean for the left side of the oculomotor triangle, ACP to PCP was 8.0591 ± 0.52 mm and the right side was 7.5482 ± 0.52 mm. The mean left side of the oculomotor triangle, measured from PCP to APEX was 6.73 ± 0.48 mm and the right side was 6.55 ± 0.72 mm. The mean of the left side of the oculomotor triangle, measured from ACP to APEX was 15.94 ± 0.682 mm and the right side was 16.21 ± 0.747 mm. Through this paired triangle of the cranial cavity, the horizontal section of ICA may be correlated with numerous vascular-related pathological considerations.

The main causative factor for periodontal diseases is dental plaque. The most effective way to remove plaque is tooth brushing using dentifrice. Recently, due to the side effects of commercially available chemical dentifrices, herbal toothpaste is gaining popularity. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of herbal and nonherbal toothpaste on gingival health. The current study involved 100 outpatients reported to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Each patient received oral prophylaxis and for 3 days, they were told not to use any other oral hygiene products. The subjects were assigned randomly into the test group (Colgate Herbal) and control group (Colgate). Thirty days later, the plaque and gingival indices were recorded and compared with the baseline using an unpaired t-test (SPSS software, version 23). The mean plaque index at baseline was 1.4 ± 0.6 (herbal) and 1.3 ± 0.7 (nonherbal), and after 30 days, the scores were 1.0 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.3, respectively. The mean gingival index score for herbal and nonherbal dentifrice at baseline was 1.19 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.2, and at 30^th day, it was 1.1 ± 0.4 and 1.0 ± 0.4, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Herbal dentifrices are just as effective as nonherbal dentifrices at reducing plaque and improving gingival health.

Malocclusion is considered one of the most prevalent oral issues and it is considered one of the major risk factors for dental trauma. Dental trauma is a distressing experience for children, and they can have long-term physical, esthetic, and psychological effects. Hence, the main aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the association between dental trauma and malocclusion in children. Four hundred and fifty patients between the age of 8 and 17 years during March 1, 2020–February 31, 2021, with Ellis classes 1, 2, and 3 were included in the study. Association of type of fracture with gender and malocclusion was calculated using Chi-square test. In case of Ellis class 1 fracture, 9.1% of the patients had no malocclusion, 21.8% of them had crowding, 11% of them had spacing, and 21.8% of them had anterior protrusion. In case of Ellis class 2 fracture, 4.3% of them had no malocclusion, 6.4% of them had crowding, 2.8% of them had spacing, and 3.6% of them had anterior protrusion. In case of Ellis class 3 fracture, 2.7% of them had no malocclusion, 6.4% of them had crowding, 4.6% of them had spacing, and 4.6% had anterior protrusion. The results were not statistically significant. Children with anterior protrusion and anterior crowding are more prone to severe damage during traumatic dental injuries.

Tobacco use is reported to increase the chance of a person to get mouth, lip, and lung cancers, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Tobacco-related deaths are reported to occur among almost six million individuals each year. The objective of the study is to assess awareness and perception on ill effects of tobacco usage among tobacco users in a dental institution. A self-administered survey form was distributed among 100 study participants. Google Forms were distributed in an online forum. The questions were related to awareness on ill effects of tobacco usage and perception regarding harmful effects of tobacco among tobacco users. Collected data were analyzed using statistical software. Among the 100 participants, 68% were males and 32% were females. 73% of the participants reported that they were aware that smoking causes lung disease. Graduated participants were more aware that reduced fertility and sexual impotence would develop among men due to tobacco use (Pearson Chi-square value - 29.380; P = 0.01). The present study suggested that even though most of the respondents had adequate knowledge about the effects of tobacco on general health, knowledge about the consequences of tobacco usage was still inadequate.

D-dimer molecules are formed by the degradation of cross-linked fibrin during the process of fibrinolysis. The formation of D-dimer requires the activity of activated factor XIII (factor XIIIa), plasmin, and thrombin. To assess the awareness about D-dimer assay among dental students. A cross-sectional study was done among 100 dental practitioners through an online survey. The survey consisted of 10 semiclosed prevalidated and reliable questionnaires based on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the dentists on D-dimer assay. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed to report the responses of the participants. Most participants did not know what a D-dimer assay is (55%). Forty-six percent of participants responded that the D-dimer assay is used to rule out serious blood clots. Fifty-four percent of the participants responded that fibrin D-dimers are formed when fibrin strands are formed. The current study shows that the knowledge about D-dimer assay is more in CRRI than in participants of junior year of study. Thus, more rigorous educational programs should be initiated to further enrich the knowledge among dental students.

Ritonavir's pharmacodynamics raise questions regarding whether medication concentrations high enough to block the SARS-CoV-2 proteases can be obtained. Ritonavir may have a therapeutic benefit at any stage of the disease, although pharmacodynamic issues and the absence of clinical benefit data among hospitalized COVID-19 patients cast doubt on this claim. To study the awareness on current status of usage of ritonavir in the management of COVID among dental students. This study, which is survey-based, involved a sample of 100 individuals and was carried out on the website Survey Planet. The study included undergraduate and graduate dental students. The dental students were given a questionnaire containing 10 questions. Their responses were gathered. The number and percentage were used to summarize the data. Dental students from Chennai showed adequate knowledge of COVID-19 in the medical environment. Postgraduate students were more aware about the current status of usage of Ritonavir for COVID-19. This study demonstrates the urgent necessity for all health-care workers to regularly implement educational interventions and training program on infection control procedures for COVID-19.

In a partial or entirely independent jaw, oral implantology is a technique in dentistry used to enhance the function of mastication, esthetics, and phonation. An important diagnostic aspect for the effectiveness of implant therapy is the stability of the implants. This study aims to measure dental professionals' and dental students' knowledge of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) in dental implantology. This study aims to measure dental professionals' and dental students' knowledge of RFA in dental implantology. One hundred ninety-nine dentists and dental students participated in an online survey study that was delivered through Google Forms. For statistical analysis, tabulated data from the Excel sheets were transferred into the SPSS program. The Chi-square test is also used to examine clinical relevance. According to the study's findings, 60% of the respondents were male and 46% of those who responded were dental professionals. The respondents were primarily between the ages of 18 and 22 (36%). The majority of dental undergraduates and graduates were found to be knowledgeable about the various techniques used to gauge implant stability (P = 0.04 < 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, it was found that most of the dental students and dental practitioners participating in this study were aware of implant stability. The majority of the respondents were aware that RFA was used to measure primary and secondary stability and osseointegration.

Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems have gained popularity over the traditional laboratory procedures in dentistry. In the conventional metal casting technique by burnout of a pattern, instead of using a wax pattern (which has several disadvantages), milled polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and 3D-printed resin patterns can also be used. The objective of the study was to assess and compare the marginal accuracy of single-crown cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) metal copings fabricated using milled PMMA and 3D-printed resin patterns. Digital designing was done for metal coping on a prepared typodont mandibular molar using 3Shape Dental Design software. Standard Tessellation Language document of CAD design was used to fabricate 3D-printed resin patterns (Sprintray 3D printer) and milled PMMA patterns (CAD/CAM milling machine CoriTEC). A total of ten Co-Cr copings were casted, of which five belonged to Group A: 3D-printed resin and the other five to Group B: milled PMMA. The copings were assessed for marginal fit at eight different points using a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was done using an independent t-test. The t-test revealed a significant difference between the mean marginal gap values of the two groups, with the marginal gap values for the 3D-printed resin group (82.21 ± 15.26 μm) being lesser than that of the milled PMMA group (106.75 ± 12.76 μm). The marginal accuracy of copings fabricated using 3D-printed resin patterns was superior to that of copings fabricated from milled PMMA patterns.

Dentists, especially the clinicians, struggle to achieve comfort, stability, and retention in removable dentures, which eliminates need of denture adhesives, and often prescribe denture adherents as an adjunct aid in denture aftercare. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of dentists in Tamil Nadu toward use of denture adhesives in clinical practice. This survey was conducted among 150 dentists in Tamil Nadu, of which 128 dentists responded. The survey had 22 close-ended questions circulated through online forms. The data were collected, tabulated, and interpreted. Respondents were 24.2% general practitioners, 14.8% undergraduate students, 25.8% postgraduate students - prosthodontics, 30.5% other than prosthodontics, and 4.7% were prosthodontists. Awareness of usage of denture adhesives, 99.2% of the population responded positively and 1.6% respondents had no awareness. Majority of clinicians were not familiar with the toxic effects and thus a difference in recommendation was seen. The results of this survey conclude that knowledge and attitude of dentists in state of Tamil Nadu pertaining to use of denture adhesives as a retentive adjunct in denture fabrication is good overall, but depth of knowledge about its indication in clinical practice, toxicity, and complications needs some improvement.

The aim of this study is to evaluate a patient's perspective regarding professionalism practiced by dental students in a university hospital setup by survey questionnaire. A questionnaire was formulated and was distributed among patients who visited for their treatment to the outpatient department of the hospital in a university setting. The study group consisted of adult individuals who attended the outpatient Department of Prosthodontics from June 2020 to April 2021. Three hundred questionnaire forms were distributed and 152 were received back; Chi-square test and frequency analysis were the statistical tests used to explore the relationship between two variables. Institutional clearance was taken from the institute (certificate No.IHEC/SDC/PROSTHO/21/043). There is more prevalence of males 52.6% compared to females 47.4%. Age group 31–40 years comprises the maximum number of patients. 52.6% of patients had their monthly income between 10,000 and 30,000 rupees. 84.2% of patients answered name badge to be desirable, 57.9% told surgical scrubs to be desirable, and 47.4% of patients answered cologne to be desirable. 68.4% of patients were neutral to clogs, 84.2% of patients were neutral toward shoes. All the patients agreed that the behavior and communication skills showed a good competence level of the students. Overall, there was a difference but there was no significance among different variables. The patient considers the dentist's altruistic behavior and communication skills to be more crucial; these two factors are regarded as the foundation for a strong patient–dentist professional relationship. For effective patient-centered service, both the dentist and the patient must agree on these ideals. Medical/dental educators must make significant efforts to reflect the dynamic nature of professions in dental education.

Awareness and knowledge of patient choice were important for developing the standard of dental health. It is important to maintain the patient–dentist relationship, which must be done with sincerity. For patients, the quality of social care is crucial. Therefore, the study's goal is to determine whether patients perceive dental treatment provided by male or female dentists differently. A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study (Saveetha University) was conducted using a structured questionnaire which consisted of questions which assessed the patient opinion about dental care provided by male or female dental practitioners. To evaluate statistical significance, we shall utilize (P = 0.05). The Chi-square test was performed to evaluate patient perception toward gender preference in providing dental care. Male and female participants appear to have the same degree of knowledge when compared, according to a statistically significant connection (P = 0.05) that was discovered. The study demonstrated that patients' perceptions of the expertise levels of male and female dentists were the same.

Wound closing is critical to the completion of any surgical operation. An imperfect closure causes edge isolation, creating a possible route for bacterial contamination, which can lead to infection and scarring. While tissue adhesives and staples are now used as substitutes, surgical sutures remain the gold standard for a safe wound. The aim of this survey is to assess dental students' knowledge on the variety of suturing techniques. A comprehensive online survey of 100 dental students with simple questions about different types of sutures was performed. Each student was asked to complete a questionnaire of 20 questions. This study saw a total of 100 students take part in it. It was found that 58% of the participants opted for interrupted suturing technique and the rest 42% opted for simple continuous technique. It was found that 23% of the participants were not aware of the simple loop suturing technique and the rest 77% were aware of this suturing technique. Thus from the above results and discussion, we will conclude that almost all of the members are fairly privy to the distinctive suturing strategies; however; intensive expertise is required.

Occlusal analysis is important to analyze any disharmony in occlusion. Atraumatic dental occlusion leads to evolution of T-scan. T-scan gives a valuable procedure for clinical assessment and perception of occlusal problems. T-scan can also be used in periodontitis patients for checking the occlusal pattern. Occlusal problems and periodontal disease relationship remains controversial. Further research is needed to determine whether occlusal adjustment is necessary for periodontal treatment. The main aim of the study was to assess the occlusal pattern using T-scan in periodontitis patients. Thirty periodontitis subjects were taken and checked for occlusion using T-scan. The subject's age group was 35–55 years. The study included 15 males and 15 females. Plaque index, gingival index, attachment loss, probing depth, centric occlusion (CO), protrusion, right lateral, and left lateral were the parameters studied. Occlusal adjustments were needed to decrease and dissipate the abnormal occlusal forces. The significance of statistical tests for various movements are as follows: CO (right and left) (P = 0.077) P > 0.05; protrusion (right and left) (P = 0.09) P > 0.05; left side lateral (right side and left side) (P = 0.01) P < 0.05; right lateral (right side and left side) (P = 0.00) P < 0.05. CO and protrusion (right, left) for males and females are not significant. Left lateral and right lateral (right, left) for males and females were significant. The T-scan manages adequate specificity and sensitivity. Hence, these act as a distinctive tool for diagnosis and better unreliable when used intraorally. The T-scan method is definitely a valuable tool for examining and evaluating the occlusal contacts during maximal intercuspation.

The objective of the study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles using Mentha X Piperita (Mint) + Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) and to confirm its size and shape. 0.5 mg of tulsi and 0.5 mg mint were diluted in distilled water (100 ml). The dissolved formulation was heated for 15 min at 70°C and filtered. The filtrate was homogeneously combined with 0.9 mg of silver nitrate to prepare nanoparticles of silver (AgNPs). The characterization of the obtained nanoparticle was done using transmission electron microscopy. Using agar disc diffusion assay, the antibacterial property was evaluated against common oral microbes at different concentrations. Silver nanoparticles showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans at 100 μL concentration. At 25 and 50 μL, all microbes showed similar extent of antimicrobial activity when quantified. Tulsi and mint prove to be effective in synthesizing silver nanoparticles that have good antimicrobial activity against oral microbes.

Edentulism is a condition associated with age, and the outcome of prosthodontic treatment depends on a number of dental and nondental factors. In complete denture therapy, patient satisfaction is a key objective and various other variables affect this parameter. The ability to foresee its preferences may assist dentists in making informed treatment selections. The study purpose is to assess the expectations of treatment outcomes in complete denture users. For the study, all cases referred for total denture therapy during September 2020 and February 2021 were included. Both new and old denture users completed questionnaires on factors such as retention, mastication, phonetics, esthetics, and comfort. Excel was used to compile the data, which was then imported into SPSS for statistical analysis. The study's statistical significance level was established at P < 0.05. Male patients over the age of 60 years wearing dentures were very common. Denture wearers were highly prevalent in the age group of >60 years among male patients. Retention, esthetics, and phonetics are highly satisfied in existing denture wearers and mastication is highly satisfied in new denture wearers. The comfort factor is commonly satisfied in both the denture wearers. The results were statistically significant with a P = 0.05. Clinician can plan their treatments more effectively if they are aware of the treatment's expectations.

A goal of modern dentistry is to make an esthetic outcome as one of the major modalities in dental treatment. In recent years, more emphasis has been given to esthetic parameters, especially in the anterior regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of change in pink and white esthetics scores after giving crowns in a single tooth. Subjects for this retrospective study were chosen by randomization from June 2019 to May 2020. A total of 120 subjects were selected which were equally divided with respect to age and gender. The analysis was done with a photographic assessment. The study test was done using paired t-test, and the correlation was evaluated using the Chi-square test. In this study, we observed that there is an increase in pink and white esthetic scores (WES) after the prosthesis is delivered. There was a clinical and statistically significant difference seen with the WES and total score, whereas only clinical but no statistical difference was seen with the pink esthetic score. After giving crowns, there is an increase in overall esthetic score. It is important to have certain standardized indices to score esthetics by which the overall esthetic outcomes can be improved. One such popular index is the pink and white esthetic index, which scores the soft and hard tissue.

Periodontal diseases are chronic diseases that affect the surrounding tissues of the teeth and the alveolar bone. As the disease progresses, it can lead to tooth loss. Several risk factors may increase the risk of periodontal disease. The objective of the study was to assess the independent variables of periodontal disease among the few of the Southern population of India. The current study was done on 155 patients who visited Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Data of demographic details (age, gender, educational status) and periodontal status (clinically healthy gingiva, gingivitis, and periodontitis) were recorded. The demographic and the periodontal parameters were associated using Chi-square test (SPSS Software, Version 23.0). 20–30-year-old patients were mostly affected with gingivitis (25.8%) and 51–60-year-old patients were affected with periodontitis (22.58%). This showed statistical significance (P < 0.05). More males were affected with periodontal diseases than females and were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Periodontitis was more common among illiterates (26.45%) and was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The study shows that periodontitis was predominantly seen among males of 51–60 years of age and illiterates. The results of the study reveal a positive association between age, gender, and educational status of patients with their periodontal health.

Periodontal disease, a persistent inflammatory condition affecting the tissues around the teeth, is brought on by an imbalance between dental biofilm and the host's reaction, with the potential for tooth loss. Periodontal disease has been linked to an excess of free radicals induced by oxidative stress or antioxidant deficiency. There is a notable oxidative process early in the course of periodontal disease, especially in periodontitis. The objective of the study is to assess if berry supplements can be used as a supplement to nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Forty individuals with chronic periodontitis in total were divided into two groups for this study. Group A received scaling and root planing (SRP), whereas Group B received SRP plus berry supplements. At baseline and on the 28^th day, both groups had their probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) assessed. After then, the data from both time periods were compared. The SPSS software was used to examine the data (Version 23.0). Using an unpaired t-test, the mean PPD and CAL values were compared between the groups. The mean PPD in Group A decreased on day 28 from 4.18 ± 0.12 to 3.06 ± 0.02 while in Group B reduced from 4.21 ± 0.13 to 2.05 ± 0.08. The CAL in Group A improved from 5.05 ± 0.09 to 3.04 ± 0.11 and in Group B from 4.52 ± 0.17 to 2.02 ± 0.08. There was evidence of a statistically significant difference between two groups in terms of mean pocket depth and clinical attachment degree (P < 0.05). Therefore, berries may be an effective treatment for chronic periodontitis when used in conjunction with SRP.

The outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla make up hair, which is an epidermal outgrowth. Hair is resilient under harsh natural conditions, thus it is frequently collected at crime scenes, making human hair analysis important in the forensic sciences field. It aids in the formation of a triangle connecting a crime scene, a victim, and a culprit. The aim of this study is to observe the microscopic structure of male and female human hair. Samples of hair specimens from males and females were collected. The materials used were ethanol to degrease and a stereomicroscope to observe the structural differences between the male and female hair samples. The comparison between male and female hair is done on the grounds of color, shaft profiles, the proximal and distal ends of the hair, cuticle, and surface texture, and the other found characters. This study of comparison between male and female hair specimens revealed that the hair color at the distal end is found to be brown for females while it is completely black in that of males, and the surface texture of males is found to have some irregularities while there are no irregularities in female. This study can be concluded that the structural comparison between male and female hair specimens can be used as evidence for forensic analysis at crime scenes.

The pulp is removed, and the interior of the tooth is cleaned and sealed during root canal treatment. Root canals are dreaded by many people because they are considered to be painful. The following are indicators of pulpal damage, color changes, swelling, thermal sensitivity, and pain in the gums. The pulp gets inflamed or diseased when it becomes infected, then RCT or extraction is needed to eliminate the inflamed or infected tissue and heal that particular region. The questionnaire was circulated to the sample population through a Google Docs link. Pie charts with a frequency table were created when the survey data were acquired. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the connection using the SPSS software. Eighty-four percent of people are aware of RCT and what it is intended for and 80% of the participants themselves have undergone endodontic treatment. Most of the South Indian population were aware of root canal treatment and have undergone an RCT procedure.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric illness marked by a short span of attention, impulsive decisions, and behavioral issues. They are vulnerable to trauma and dental problems. The dental health team faces a challenge due to behavioral disorders, cognitive deficiencies, and short attention spans. At all stages of prevention and treatment, the management of these children necessitates various changes in approach. To collect data and analyze the awareness level of dental students toward ADHD. An online portal was used for the survey and distributed to 106 dentistry students with self-structured 10 questions. The findings were gathered through the survey portal, and graphs were drawn to compare the results. The SPSS software version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. The Chi-square test was used to determine the correlation between the variables. Forty percent of those polled are aware of ADHD, which is a mental health condition characterized by excessively active and impulsive behavior. The symptoms of a child with ADHD are aware to 31.43% of voters. About 30.48% of the respondents know the symptoms of an adult with ADHD. About 29.52% of the respondents were aware of the causes of ADHD. To conclude that most dental undergraduates are not aware of the basic characteristics of ADHD. This means that there should be a spreading of knowledge on the subject. A dental student or dentist must know how to manage a patient diagnosed with ADHD. Careful management and treatment will lead to a satisfied and happy patient. Mismanagement may cause problems in the future for both the dentist and the patient.

The study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge about Bowen's disease among dental students. Bowen disease is an infrequent skin disorder and is also referred to as squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is a noninvasive form of intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma with flat or slightly raised lesions. An online survey was conducted among 300 dental students between the age group of 18–30 years in the Chennai district based on Bowen's disease. This is the best approach to data collection due to the large population of the city of Chennai and is also appropriate in the current situation where people need to avoid gatherings and close contact. About 78.21% were BDS students and 21.79% were MDS students. In the age group of 10–20 years, 8.97% responded heard about Bowen disease and 3.85% responded not heard. Within the 21–30 years age group, 44.02% responded that Bowen disease is invasive and 20.09% responded noninvasive. Studies showed that the exact occurrence of Bowen's disease is not known. It is found to be more common in men than in women. To conclude, about 65% of participants were aware of Bowen's disease. Nevertheless, patients with Bowen's disease seem to be at an abnormal risk of internal malignancies, and they need to be educated about the various treatments available to prevent the cause as soon as possible.

A Vitamin or mineral supplement is a kind of adjunct that aims to supplement the diet and it comprises a wide range of Vitamins, minerals, herbs, etc., that amplifies different nutrient levels. People intake such supplements for protection against health illnesses such as stress, cold, flu, osteoporosis, heart attacks, tooth decay, cancer, and neural tube defects in infants, etc. Anyhow, intake of large amounts without proper medical consideration can have severe negative consequences. This study aimed to assess the awareness on Vitamin and mineral supplements among College students. An online cross-sectional questionnaire was made using Google Forms and distributed among 100 College students. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square tests were done. Results showed that the majority of 63.43% of UG students and 21.64% of PG students believed that its consumption was beneficial and in general awareness was more among UG students. When asked about the Vitamin that should be avoided during pregnancy, a majority of 20.30% of UG students opted for Vitamin E and 7.52% of PG students opted for Vitamin A which shows that both were feasible options as they were fat-soluble vitamins capable of causing congenital defects. The most probable issue related with the use of dietary supplements is that the people who include them in their diet might see it as a substitute, in lieu of a supplement, thus, more people should be made aware of the proper consumption and side effects of Vitamin and mineral supplements.

Saliva is a multilayered secretion. The quality of saliva is just as crucial as the quantity. Saliva is necessary for preserving the integrity of oral structures, personal connections, digestion, and acid–base balance. The acid–base balance in one's oral environment is always being challenged. It happens every time we eat a meal, and when microorganisms are present. At a pH of 5 or 5.5, the demineralization of the enamel and hard tooth structures occurs. This study aimed to raise awareness about the importance of acid–base balance of saliva in dental health. A self-structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the awareness on the importance of acid–base balance in maintaining oral health. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions, and the results were plotted in a graph. The Chi-square test was employed for evaluating the data, which was done with SPSS software. The study indicated that 91.74% of the participants were aware of the salivary pH in case of healthy gingiva, 34.82% of the respondents were aware of the salivary pH in case of chronic gingivitis, and 20.33% of the respondents were aware of the salivary pH in case of chronic periodontitis. We also correlated our results with gender and year of study. Oral health plays a major role in identifying systemic diseases and hence enough knowledge about various aspects about the oral cavity and its manifestations needs to be created among dental students to ensure that they become efficient dental surgeons in the future. Even though a fair amount of people knew the pH of clinically healthy gingiva, most of them did not know the pH at which periodontitis or gingivitis was caused. Hence, creating awareness about this topic stands vital. Further studies are required for a better understanding of salivary components and how they affect the caries process. The utilization of modified oral molecules as medicinal agents could become a reality with this understanding. Our findings imply that being aware of dietary composition has an impact on acid–base balance. To maintain the correct acid–base balance, more awareness of protein consumption is required.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. Periodontal problems, bleeding gums, dry mouth, and gingival hyperplasia are common oral manifestations seen in cardiovascular-related problems. To assess the extent of awareness and knowledge, the general public has toward the oral manifestation related to that of CVDs. A questionnaire was distributed among the general public in relation to that of the extent of awareness and knowledge of oral manifestations with regard to CVD. A total of 161 responses were collected from the survey. The collected data were compiled and analyzed by the SPSS software; the Pearson Chi-square test was done where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study showed that 65.22% of the population is aware of the types of CVD. About 59.63% of the population do not know that periodontal problems lead to cardiovascular problems. About 39.75% have vague knowledge about the maintenance of poor oral health causing cardiovascular problems. The study concluded that the general public is not much aware of the oral manifestations related to that of CVDs.

Balo's disease is an uncommon central nervous system disorder causing demyelination and is a form of multiple sclerosis. Concentric sclerosis, leukoencephalitis periaxialis concentrica, is also known as Balo's disease. Concentric sclerosis signalizes the bands of intact myelin and alternating rings of myelin loss present in several parts of the brainstem and brain. The present study aimed to assess and create awareness about Balo's disease among dental undergraduates. The study included an online survey about the knowledge and awareness of Balo's disease among dental students. A questionnaire was prepared, uploaded, and distributed in an online portal. The latest software version of SPSS was used to analyze the collected data. Descriptive statistical analysis and Chi-square test were done, and the P value was calculated. The survey showed that 54.55% of males and 45.45% of females participated in this survey. Most of the respondents (87.88%) knew about Balo's disease, whereas only 12.12% of participants were not aware of the disease. It was found that most of dental students are aware of Balo's disease. The study also showed that male respondents are more aware than the females.

The presence of one or more extra X chromosomes in a male causes Klinefelter Syndrome (KS). KS affects 1 in 500-1 in 1000 men, while about half remain undiagnosed. KS is characterized by huge stature, increase in arm length, the feminine distribution of adipose tissues (including gynecomastia), less or pubic hair, infertility, hypotonia, reduced size of penis and less than average verbal IQ, struggle in learning and requirements for less specified speech therapy. KS is a primary testicular insufficiency with high levels of gonadotropin caused by a lack of pituitary gland feedback. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge and awareness of the KS among the dental students. This cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental students of a private dental hospital. To evaluate the knowledge and awareness of the participants about KS, a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was prepared. Percentage analysis and frequency analysis and percentage analysis were performed. A Chi-square test was done to assess the correlation using the SPSS software. In our study, most of the participants were aware of the KS. They also knew that the KS is caused due to the additional X chromosome. We would like to conclude that the dental students were much aware about the Klinefelter and they also had a thorough knowledge about it.

Microsurgery is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a surgical microscope, specially designed equipment, and suture materials. Even though this equipment and expertise of numerous surgeries are required to meet patient esthetic reckoning, doctors must be ready to invest time and effort into becoming familiar with novel surgical methods and devices. The ambition of this case series is to compare conventional macro surgery and microsurgery in terms of clinical approach. This study included four cases, two flap surgery, and two root coverage. Clinical parameters for root coverage, increase in keratinized tissue (KT), gain in clinical attachment level (CAL) and complete root coverage (CRC), dentin hypersensitivity index-Schiff's index and for flap surgery, probing depth, clinical attachment level. Healing and pain analysis were done. There was no significant difference seen between conventional and clinical outcomes of a microsurgical technique such as clinical attachment level, probing depth, increase in KT, gain in clinical attachment level (CAG), and CRC, dentin hypersensitivity index-Schiff's index. When patient-based outcomes such as healing index and Visual Analog Scale, a significant difference was seen. If a microsurgical method is used instead of a traditional macroscopic approach, the early healing index can be significantly improved and there will be less postoperative pain.

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. Even though plaque is a primary etiological factor; there are so many aggravating factors such as calculus, genetics, lifestyle habits, systemic health, and occlusal trauma. Trauma from occlusion is caused by occlusal force that surpasses the periodontium's adaptive capacity, causing injury to periodontal structures. This case highlights the management of a furcation defect of Grade II which was induced by occlusal trauma. The patient presented with periodontal abscess in relation to 36 and on radiographic examination, bone loss and high points were evident in relation to endodontically treated 36. A full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap was elevated and after debridement injectable platelet-rich fibrin (iPRF), osseograft, and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane were placed. The patient was recalled after 3 months for re-evaluation. On re-evaluation, the radiograph showed adequate bone fill which suggested that using iPRF, bone graft, and GTR may enhance periodontal regeneration in Grade II furcation defects. Therapy using iPRF, bone graft, and GTR may enhance in Grade II furcation problems, and periodontal regeneration is possible.

Attached gingiva around the teeth is crucial in preserving periodontal health. Plaque development and soft-tissue recession are both prevented by adequate attached gingiva. The processes for harvesting soft-tissue grafts are frequently accompanied by some level of morbidity which results in commercially available xenogeneic collagen matrices. The blood clot is more effectively stabilized by this collagen matrix, which also promotes vascularization. Furthermore, this biomaterial enhances root coverage and keratinized gingiva regeneration in both width and thickness. The purpose of the case report is to increase the width of attached gingiva using Mucograft^®. This case report highlights a case scenario where a patient presented with probing depth of 6–8 mm in relation to 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, Grade I mobility in relation to 25.26, and 1 mm of the width of attached gingiva in relation to 25, 26, and 27. Flap surgery was done and simultaneously vestibular deepening was done in relation to 25, 26, and 27, and mucograft was placed and stabilized. On a 3-month follow-up, probing pocket depth was 3 mm and 4 mm of width of the attached gingiva was seen in 25, 26, and 27. The Mucograft^® was beneficial in this clinical case for the purpose of extending the width of the associated gingiva, making it a feasible treatment option for soft-tissue augmentation.

Fixed rehabilitation is an exhaustive approach for most dental practitioners to treat partial or complete edentulism. In recent years, we are witnessing a digital transformation in prosthodontics and smile makeovers. This requires an in-depth understanding of concepts and the skills to achieve desired clinical results. Many situations of the oral cavity often need fixed rehabilitation treatment. This extensive treatment primarily solves two goals: maintains crown integrity and also achieves optimal esthetics. To restore lost parts of the stomatognathic system, a multidisciplinary approach is of utmost importance. The treatment options may range from removable implant-supported dentures to fixed implant-supported prostheses. The choice of treatment relies on the limitations of anatomic structures and existing. Partial or complete edentulousness can inadvertently reduce the quality of life of the patient and may hinder physiology. This report narrates a combination of two types of dental prosthetic material to obtain a desirable outcome in fixed rehabilitation of a patient. Furthermore, it highlights the management of complete treatment in a limited period and patient appointments.