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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 7
| Issue : 1 | Page : 6-12 |
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Thermodynamics of dissolution and infrared-spectroscopy of solid dispersions of phenacetin
Alexander V Gerasimov, Mikhail A Varfolomeev, Marat A Ziganshin, Valery V Gorbatchuk, Il'naz T Rakipov, Alexander E Klimovitskii, Liana S Usmanova
Department of Physical Chemistry, Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| Date of Web Publication | 6-Jan-2016 |
Correspondence Address:
Alexander V Gerasimov
Department of Physical Chemistry, Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008
Russia
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.169874
In this work enthalpies of dissolution in water of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) having an average molecular weight of 1000 and 1400, Pluronic-F127, phenacetin as well as the composites prepared from them were measured using solution calorimetry at 298.15 K. Intermolecular interaction energies of polymer-phenacetin were calculated on the basis of an additive scheme. It was shown that for mixtures with high content of polymer (>90 wt%) Pluronic-F127 has the highest solubilizing effect, while for mixtures with (4–6):1 polymer: phenacetin ratio the best solubilizing agent is PEG-1400. Infrared-spectra showed a decrease of the number of self-associated molecules of phenacetin with increasing of polymer content in the composites. The obtained results enabled us to identify the features of intermolecular interactions of polymers with a model hydrophobic drug and may be used for optimizing the conditions for preparing solid dispersions based on hydrophilic polymers. Keywords: Enthalpy of solution, molecular interaction, phenacetin, Pluronic-F127, polyethylene glycol, solution calorimetry
How to cite this article:
Gerasimov AV, Varfolomeev MA, Ziganshin MA, Gorbatchuk VV, Rakipov IT, Klimovitskii AE, Usmanova LS. Thermodynamics of dissolution and infrared-spectroscopy of solid dispersions of phenacetin. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2016;7:6-12 |
How to cite this URL:
Gerasimov AV, Varfolomeev MA, Ziganshin MA, Gorbatchuk VV, Rakipov IT, Klimovitskii AE, Usmanova LS. Thermodynamics of dissolution and infrared-spectroscopy of solid dispersions of phenacetin. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 Mar 27];7:6-12. Available from: https://www.japtr.org/text.asp?2016/7/1/6/169874 |
| Introduction | |  |
One of the important factors which define the bioavailability of drugs for oral administration is their ability to dissolve in water.[1] It is a well-known fact, that hydrophobic drugs are only partially soluble in aqueous media, resulting in a significant reduction in their effectiveness. Usage of solid dispersions of such drugs as dosage forms for pharmaceutical applications can significantly improve their solubility.[2],[3],[4],[5]
In the last few years, neutral polymeric materials capable of forming solid dispersions with various drugs attracted the attention of chemists, biologists, and pharmacists.[6],[7] Most effective among such polymers are Pluronics,[6],[8],[9],[10],[11] as well as polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular mass.[6],[12],[13],[14],[15]
The possibility of formation of solid dispersions of the hydrophobic drug that is, phenacetin with Pluronic-F127 and PEG's was shown previously.[16],[17] It was established that the complete dissolution of the drug in polymer phase occurs when the ratio of polymer: The drug is more than 5:1. Such systems can be used to improve the solubility of hydrophobic drugs by reducing the degree of crystallinity.
The formation of stable intermolecular contacts of a polymeric matrix with the drug can enhance its solubility.[18],[19] So, information about the interaction energies of hydrophobic drugs with polymers helps us to optimally choose a polymer matrix to obtain highly effective drugs based on solid dispersions.
In this paper, we determined thermochemical parameters of dissolution of pure polymers and model hydrophobic drug that is, phenacetin as well as their solid dispersions in water by the method of solution calorimetry. Based on the solubility data the intermolecular interaction energies of PEG and Pluronic-F127 with the phenacetin were calculated. The monotonic increase in the number of free molecules of phenacetin by reducing its content in the studied composites has been ascertained.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Materials
Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymer, Pluronic-F127 (Sigma, Lot #BCBH4538V) has 12600 molecular weight and 70 wt% PEO content.[20] Poly(ethylene glycol) with molecular weight 1305–1595 (PEG-1400) and 950–1050 (PEG-1000) was obtained from Aldrich, Lot #BCBF0699V and Lot #MKBH0880V. Phenacetin with purity >98% was obtained from Aldrich, Lot #BCBD7322. All components used as received. De-ionized water was used as a solvent.
Methods
Preparation of polymer/drug composites
Composites of phenacetin/polymers were prepared by melting of mechanical mixtures with the required content of components in the ratios 1:1, 6:1 and 10:1 by weight. Melting was carried out under an inert atmosphere at 140°C and then cooled down to room temperature.
Fourier transform infrared analysis of solid samples
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were collected using Bruker Vertex 70 FTIR spectrometer with a single reflection, germanium crystal ATR accessory (MIRacle, PIKE Technologies) with a resolution of 2 cm −1 in dry air.
Recorded complex-shaped contours were fitted with linear combinations of mixed Gaussian-Lorentzian components using OPUS software. Fitting procedures were performed in 1580–1685 cm −1 spectral range to account the influence of neighbor bands.
Solution calorimetry
Enthalpies of solution were measured at 298.15 K using handmade semi-adiabatic calorimeter as described earlier.[21],[22] The weight of the solute samples was 0.04–0.06 g. Obtained values of solution enthalpies correspond to the limiting dilution conditions which were confirmed by the absence of concentration dependence of solution enthalpies within the boundaries of their uncertainties. Each experiment was reproduced at least 4 times.
Solubility of phenacetin in water
Ultraviolet (UV)-spectrophotometer (Lambda 35, Perkin-Elmer, USA) was used to determine the effect of polymer on limiting solubility of phenacetin. A series of solutions was prepared with fixed content of drug 20 mg/ml at different polymer: phenacetin ratios (1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, and 10:1). After 24 h solutions were filtered-out using a filter (0.22 μm) and diluted by 100 times. The drug content in water at 25°C was determined at 245 nm.
Gibbs free energy ΔSG of phenacetin dissolution in an aqueous solution of polymer were calculated according to Eq. (1):
ΔSG = −2.303 R T lg(K).(1)
Where K is the ratio of phenacetin concentrations in polymer and water, calculated according to Eq. (2):
K = (DPol-W− DW)/DW.(2)
Where DPol-W and DW are the optical densities of an aqueous solution of phenacetin in the presence and absence of polymer.
| Results and Discussion | | |
Solution calorimetry of polymer/phenacetin composites in water
Solution calorimetry was used for determination of interaction energies of phenacetin with polymers.
[Table 1] shows enthalpies of dissolution in water of PEG-1000, PEG-1400, Pluronic-F127and phenacetin composites with these polymers in the ratios 1:1, 1:6, and 1:10 measured at 298.15 K. Such composition of mixtures was chosen because the crystal phase of the drug is in mixture with 1:1 ratio of polymer: phenacetin, while at the ratios 6:1 and 10:1 the crystal phase absent.[16],[17] The enthalpy of dissolution of phenacetin in water is 29.3 ± 1.1 J/g. For solid dispersions of phenacetin the enthalpies of dissolution increase with increasing the mass fraction of the drug. Only for the dispersion 1:1 of PEG-1000 with model drug heat effect stays exothermic. | Table 1: Enthalpies of dissolution of PEG-1000, PEG-1400, Pluronic-F127, and phenacetin mixtures with the studied polymers in the ratios 1:1, 1:6 and 1:10, in water at 298.15 K, J/g
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[Figure 1] shows that experimentally measured enthalpies of dissolution of the composite ΔsolnHmix/W, in most cases, differ from the values calculated theoretically ΔsolnHmix/W(calc) Eq. (3). Consequently, the difference between the sum of enthalpies of dissolution of individual compounds, taking into account the mass of components ΔsolnHmix/W(calc) and ΔsolnHmix/W can be assumed as a measure (enthalpy) of intermolecular interactions polymer-phenacetin ΔintHpol/phenacetin Eq. (4). For some mixtures polymer-phenacetin, ΔsolnHmix/W are less then calculated ΔsolnHmix/W(calc). This may be due to the reduced crystallinity of the drug in the solid dispersion. | Figure 1: The experimental values of the enthalpy of dissolution of phenacetin, polyethylene glycol-1000, polyethylene glycol-1400, Pluronic-F127, and their mixtures of varying composition (filled points) and the theoretical values of the enthalpy of dissolution of mixtures, computed based on the mass of components (empty dots)
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χ·ΔsolnHpol/W + Y·ΔsolnHphenacetin/W = ΔsolnHmix/W(calc).(3)
where χ and Y – mass fractions of polymer and phenacetin in the mixture and ΔsolnHpol/W and ΔsolnHphenacetin/W – the molar enthalpies of dissolution of polymer and phenacetin in water, respectively.
ΔsolnHmix/W – ΔsolnHmix/W(calc) = ΔintHpol/phenacetin.(4)
The calculated ΔintHpol/phenacetin values are presented in [Table 2] and [Figure 2]. | Table 2: The enthalpy of polymer-phenacetin intermolecular interactions, J/g
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 | Figure 2: The ratio of the enthalpy of interaction polymer-phenacetin calculated according to the Eq. (4), to the mixture composition
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A simple thermodynamic diagram was proposed to have a better understanding of dissolution process of studied systems in water [Figure 3].
In this diagram DH1(ΔintH) corresponds to the energy required to break the intermolecular bonds phenacetin-phenacetin (polymer-phenacetin or polymer-polymer), DH2– solvation energy of free molecules formed during the first stage. DH3(ΔsolnH) represents the enthalpy of dissolution of phenacetin (a polymer composite with phenacetin or polymer), and DH3 is the sum of DH1 and DH2. Thus, the enthalpy of dissolution depends on the energy of intermolecular interactions in a solid substance and the enthalpy of solvation. A positive value of the enthalpy of dissolution indicates the greater energy of intermolecular interactions in the solute compared to a gain in energy due to solvation.
It was found that the enthalpy of interaction of phenacetin with Pluronic-F127 [Table 2] becomes negative upon increasing the fraction of polymer in the mixture, which is associated with less energy consumption for the destruction of crystal lattice of phenacetin and a huge gain in energy due to the formation of intermolecular contacts of polymer-drug. Moreover, the enthalpy of intermolecular interactions of PEG-1000 and PEG-1400 with phenacetin in the mixtures of different compositions varies in the same way. However, its values in the case of PEG-1000 are negative. Therefore, this system has weaker polymer-drug interactions, and they are less stable than the intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice of phenacetin. This enhancement of intermolecular interactions of the hydrophobic drug that is, phenacetin with PEG upon increasing their molecular weight can be attributed to an increased hydrophobicity of polymer molecules with its increasing size.[23],[24]
Effect of polymer on solubility of phenacetin in water
The increase of phenacetin content in the solution with increasing of the PEG's fraction in the mixture has been observed [Figure 4] using the method of UV-spectrophotometry. | Figure 4: Results of ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis of aqueous solutions of mixtures polyethylene glycol-1000, polyethylene glycol-1400, Pluronic-F127, and phenacetin at different ratios of components. The optical density is taken at a wavelength of 245 nm
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In the case of Pluronic-F127, the maximum phenacetin concentration in solution is achieved at the ratio of polymer: phenacetin 8:1. For ratio 10:1 a reduction of phenacetin content in solution, associated with the formation of a hydrogel, was observed.
The maximum increase of phenacetin content in solution due to the addition of polymer is 2.7, 2.8, 3.7 times for PEG-1000, PEG-1400 and Pluronic-F127, correspondingly. For the mixtures of Pluronic-F127 with phenacetin, a sharp increase in the solubility of the drug [Figure 4] at the ratios above 6:1 was observed. This increasing correlates with a change in the interaction energy of Pluronic-F127 with phenacetin [Figure 2]. For the studied mixtures based on PEG's, the change in the solubility parameters of phenacetin and the intermolecular interaction energy PEG-phenacetin is not significant.
The results obtained for Gibbs free energy [Table 3] demonstrate the spontaneity of the solubilization process for the polymer-drug ratios (8–10):1 for PEG-1000, (4–10):1 for PEG-1400 and (6–10):1 for Pluronic-F127. The more negative value of ΔSG determines the better solubilizing effect of the polymer.[12] In accordance with the results described above, the most negative value of ΔSG was found for Pluronic-F127 at 8:1 polymer: phenacetin ratio. | Table 3: Values of Gibbs free energy of dissolution (ΔSG°) of phenacetin in water at different ratios of polymer: phenacetin
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The results obtained show that at high concentration of polymer in the mixture, the Pluronic-F127 exerts the biggest solubilizing effect, while for composites with the polymer: phenacetin ratios (4-6):1, the best solubilizing agent is PEG-1400.
Data of Fourier transform infrared-spectroscopy
To evaluate the proportion of free and H-bonded molecules of phenacetin in the studied mixtures, the method of infrared (IR)-spectroscopy was used. IR-spectra of the solid samples of PEG-1000, PEG-1400, Pluronic-F127, phenacetin and their solid mixtures are presented in [Figure 5],[Figure 6]. | Figure 5: Infrared-spectra of the initial samples of phenacetin, polyethylene glycol-1000, polyethylene glycol-1400, Pluronic-F127 in a wavenumber range of 400 to 4000 cm−1 (a) and an enlarged portion of the spectrum in a wavenumber range of 1600 to 1700 cm−1 (b)
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 | Figure 6: Infrared-spectra of phenacetin composites with Pluronic-F127 (a), polyethylene glycol-1000 (c) and polyethylene glycol-1400 (e) obtained at a ratio of 1:1, 1:6, 1:10 in the wavenumber range of 400 to 4000 cm−1 and an enlarged portion of the spectrum of phenacetin composites with Pluronic-F127 (b), polyethylene glycol-1000 (d) and polyethylene glycol-1400 (f) in the wavenumber range of 1600 to 1700 cm−1
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The ratio of integrated intensities of stretching vibration bands of carbonyl groups of phenacetin was used as a measure of the relation between free and H-bonded molecules of phenacetin.
The IR-spectra of the crystal phase of phenacetin in the C=O groups stretching vibrations region contain two contours with peaks maximum at 646 and 1659 cm −1,[25] which correspond to the stretching vibrations of the free and H-bonded C=O groups, respectively. The position of maxima of these bands in the polymer: phenacetin composite does not vary.
Complex absorption contours in the IR-spectra were divided into separate components, as the resulting shape of the band, we selected the derivative of Gaussian and Lorenz functions, and the relative contribution of both the functions varied. The results of the analysis of the IR-spectroscopic data are presented in [Table 4]. | Table 4: Band intensities of free I1659 and bound I1646 of C=O group of drug and their ratios for phenacetin and its composites with PEG-1000, PEG-1400, Pluronic-F127 of varying composition
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An analysis of the given data shows an increase in the number of free C=O groups with respect to H-bonded ones, upon decreasing the phenacetin content in all polymers, [Figure 7]. These results confirm well the data obtained through differential scanning calorimetry [16],[17] and the solution calorimetry. | Figure 7: The ratio of stretching vibration band intensities of free and bound C=O groups of phenacetin (I1659/I1646) to the composite composition
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| Conclusion | | |
The dissolution enthalpies of PEGs having an average molecular weight of 1000 and 1400, Pluronic-F127, phenacetin as well as their solid dispersions were determined. The increase in the concentration of polymer in the mixture with drug leads to a more exothermic dissolution of the solid dispersion, because of a decrease in the drug crystallinity.
The Gibbs energies of dissolution of phenacetin in water show that at ratios of polymer: phenacetin (4–6):1, the best solubilizing agent is PEG with a molecular weight of 1305–1595.
The monotonic increase in the number of non-H-bonded C=O groups of phenacetin due to decreasing of crystallinity of the drug was observed.
Obtained results help us to identify the features of intermolecular interactions of polymers with the model hydrophobic drug and to optimize the conditions for preparing solid dispersions based on hydrophilic polymers.
Acknowledgment
This work has been performed according to the Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
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