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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2014 | Volume
: 5
| Issue : 3 | Page : 122-128 |
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Comparative antidiarrheal and antiulcer effect of the aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Tinospora cordifolia in rats
Mohanjit Kaur1, Amarjeet Singh2, Bimlesh Kumar1
1 Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shakti College of Pharmacy, Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| Date of Web Publication | 23-Jul-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Bimlesh Kumar
Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3B 204, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.137417
Tinospora cordifolia is indigenous to the tropical areas of India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. The use of plant as remedy for diarrhea and ulcer is well-documented in Ayurvedic system of medicine. However, pharmacological evidence does not exist to substantiate its therapeutic efficacy for the same. The aim was to investigate the antidiarrheal and antiulcer activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of T. cordifolia in rats. The antidiarrheal activity of T. cordifolia extracts was evaluated by castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea using parameters such as onset of diarrhea, number of wet stools, total number of stool and weight of total number of stools. The antiulcer activity of extracts was investigated using ethanol and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer. Furthermore, tissue antioxidant parameters such as reduced glutathione, catalase activity and lipid peroxidation level were also investigated. Tinospora cordifolia extracts were more efficacious in reducing number of total stools in both the models of diarrhea and showed a dose-dependent antidiarrheal effect. The antiulcer activity of the extracts was confirmed by a reduction in ulcer index along with the decrease in gastric volume, total acidity, and an increase in pH of gastric content in both the models. The obtained results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folkloric use of the T. cordifolia as antidiarrhoeal and antiulcer agent. Keywords: Antidiarrheal, antiulcer, pylorus ligation, Tinospora cordifolia
How to cite this article:
Kaur M, Singh A, Kumar B. Comparative antidiarrheal and antiulcer effect of the aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Tinospora cordifolia in rats. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2014;5:122-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Kaur M, Singh A, Kumar B. Comparative antidiarrheal and antiulcer effect of the aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Tinospora cordifolia in rats. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [serial online] 2014 [cited 2023 Apr 1];5:122-8. Available from: https://www.japtr.org/text.asp?2014/5/3/122/137417 |
| Introduction | |  |
Diarrhea is a common worldwide problem responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in infants, more specifically in the developing countries. [1],[2] In a year, about 5 million people die of diarrhea, of which 2.5 millions are malnourished children of <5 years of age. [3] On the other hand, peptic ulcer is the most predominant of the gastrointestinal diseases. The etiological factors behind the disease are inadequate dietary habits, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, stress, Helicobacter pylori  on and some genetic factors. [4]
Tinospora cordifolia - commonly known as Amrita or Guduchi- is a large, deciduous climbing shrub, indigenous to the tropical areas of India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It has been described in various classical texts of ayurvedic system of medicine as rasayanas- the rejuvenators with strong antioxidant activity, which reverse the disease process and prevent the re-occurrence. [5] In Bhava Prakash, the plant is considered as bitter tonic and curative against chronic diarrhea and dysentery. [6] Thus, present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiarrhoeal and antiulcer activity of T. cordifolia.
| Materials and methods | | |
Plant material and extraction
The plant was collected from local market and was authenticated at GNDU, Amritsar (reference no. 1045). Dried stem bark of T. cordifolia was coarsely powdered and subjected to extraction in a soxhlet apparatus. [7]
Chemicals
Ranitidine was obtained from Axon Pharmaceuticals. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase were obtained from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai.
Experimental animals
Healthy Wistar rats (150-200 g) were procured from NIPER, Mohali. The animals were fed regularly with diet and water ad libitum. The protocol was approved by IAEC (954/ac/06/CPCSEA/11/09).
In vivo antidiarrhoeal activity
Castor oil-induced diarrhea
Rats of either sex were fasted for 18 h and divided into six groups. Rats in Groups I and II received vehicle and loperamide (3 mg/kg p.o.) respectively, Groups III and IV received the ethanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively), and Groups V and VI received the aqueous extract (250 and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively). After 30 min, diarrhea was induced by oral administration of castor oil (1 ml) to each rat. Rats were observed for a period of 4 h during which the total number of fecal outputs and the number of diarrheic feces excreted were recorded. [3],[8],[9]
Magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea
A similar protocol as for castor oil-induced diarrhea was followed. Diarrhea was induced by oral administration of magnesium sulfate (2 mg/kg) to the animals. [8]
In vivo antiulcer activity
Pylorus ligation-induced ulcer
Rats were divided into seven groups (n = 6). Group I received no treatment, Group II received vehicle, Group III received ranitidine (50 mg/kg), Groups IV and V received ethanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively) and Groups VI and VII received aqueous extract (250 and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively). One hour posttreatment, animals were anesthetized and their pylorus was ligated. [5] After 2 h, rats were sacrificed and their stomach was removed. The gastric content was collected to determine its volume, pH, total acidity and free acidity using protocols of Bharti et al. [10] The mucosal surface of the stomach was scored in terms of ulcer index. Protein and hexosamine content in gastric juice was also estimated. [11]
Ethanol-induced ulcer
Rats were divided into seven groups as in the previous model. After 30 min of respective treatment, ulcer was induced by oral administration of ethanol (1 ml) except in Group I. One hour post ethanol administration, animals were sacrificed and their stomach was removed to examine extent of mucosal damage in terms of ulcer index. [12] The gastric tissue was used for the estimation of catalase, GSH, and lipid peroxidation. [13]
Histological studies
The sections of freshly excised gastric tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological evaluation at magnification ×40. [14]
Statistical analysis
The experimental results have been expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test was used to analyze the data.
| Results | | |
0Castor oil-induced diarrhea
Rats in control group produced copious diarrhea after castor oil administration. However, rats pretreated with ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia (ETETC) and Aqueous extract of T. cordifolia (AQETC) showed a significant delay in onset of diarrhea, decrease in the frequency of wet and total stools as well as reduction in the weight of wet stool and total weight of stools [Table 1]. | Table 1: Effect of ETETC and AQETC on castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea
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Magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea
As in the previous model, ETETC, AQETC and standard drug significantly (P < 0.01) prolonged the time for diarrheal induction dose-dependently [Table 1]. Furthermore, the number of wet stools and total number of stools were also found to be decreased in the extract as well as standard groups.
Pylorus ligation-induced ulcer
When compared to the normal rats, pylorus ligation caused gastric damage with high ulcer index in the experimental control rats. Ranitidine, ETETC and AQETC were found to produce significant reduction in the ulcer index dose-dependently [Table 2]. All the aggressive factors (e.g. gastric volume, total acidity, and free acidity) were decreased and gastric pH was increased in the ranitidine and extract treated groups. | Table 2: Effect of ETETC and AQETC on different parameters in pylorus ligation-induced ulcer
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The increased hexosamine content and decreased protein content in ETETC and AQETC treated groups, when compared to experimental group, also supported the result [Table 3]. | Table 3: Effect of ETETC and AQETC on hexosamine, total protein content, CAT, GSH, and MDA in pylorus ligation-induced ulcer
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The pylorus ligation increased the lipid peroxidation and reduced catalase and GSH in the experimental control group. Treatment with ranitidine, ETETC and AQETC significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes [Table 3].
Ethanol-induced ulcer
Oral administration of alcohol produced severe gastric lesions in the experimental control group. Pretreatment with ranitidine, ETETC and AQETC caused a significant decrease in the gastric damage represented by a reduction in ulcer index as compared to the experimental control group [Table 4]. | Table 4: Effect of ETETC and AQETC on different parameters in ethanol induced ulcer
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Ethanol administration in the experimental control animals increased the lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase and GSH levels as compared to the normal animals. Pretreatment with ETETC and AQETC significantly decreased the lipid peroxidation and increased the levels of catalase and GSH [Table 4].
Morphological study
In normal group, stomach integrity was maintained and appeared normal [Figure 1]. In experimental control group, severe bleeding, perforation, spot ulcer, streaks were observed. The gastric mucosa was appeared intact in the stomach of ranitidine treated animals. The gastric mucosa was seen to be slightly damaged with red coloration, spot ulcers and a few hemorrhagic streaks in the stomach of ETETC and AQETC (250 mg/kg) treated animals. However, in the stomach of the ETETC and AQETC (500 mg/kg) treated animals gastric mucosal damage was negligible with a continuous epithelial surface. | Figure 1: Morphological features of stomach in pylorus ligation and ethanol-induced ulcer
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Histological study
As depicted in [Figure 2], mucosal organization was normal in normal control animals. In experimental control group, gastric mucosa showed many pit-shaped ulcers, mucosal and submucosal congestion, along with surface erosion at several places. In ranitidine treated group, gastric mucosa revealed mild superficial erosions with intact submucosa and deeper mucosa. In ETETC and AQETC (250 mg/kg) groups, superficial erosions and a few ulcers with mild disorganization of mucosa were observed. However, the ETETC and AQETC (500 mg/kg) group revealed mild superficial erosions, very slight disorganization of the mucosa with no appreciable inflammation. | Figure 2: Histology of stomach in pylorus ligation and ethanolinduced ulcer
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| Discussion | | |
0Tinospora cordifolia is a large, deciduous climbing shrub of family Menispermaceae. The major phytoconstituents isolated from the stem of T. cordifolia are sesquiterpene tinocordifolin, sesquiterpene glycoside tinocordifolioside and tinocordiside, arabinogalactan, phytoecdysones viz., ecdysterone and makisterone, alkaloids viz., berberine, palmatine and magnoflorine. [15],[16] All these active compounds have physiological roles of different types, thereby demonstrating the diverse versatility of the plant.
In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the therapeutic success of the stem bark extracts to be a potential antidiarrheal and antiulcer agent.
The in vivo antidiarrheal activity of extracts was assessed using castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea by means of evaluating onset of diarrhea, frequency of wet and total stools, weight of wet stool and total weight of stools. Castor oil (hydrolytic metabolite, i.e. ricinoleic acid) induces diarrhea by releasing nitric oxide (NO), stimulating prostaglandin synthesis and increasing peristalsis. [2],[17] While, magnesium sulfate prevents reabsorption of water and promotes cholecystokinin (CCK) release from the duodenal mucosa [Figure 3]. Since, pretreatment with extracts provide significant protection against castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea, the extracts may presumed to have antisecretory and preventive action towards CCK release. | Figure 3: Mechanism of castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea. Castor oil-induces diarrhea by: (1) Releasing nitric oxide and thereby increasing permeability of gastrointestinal membrane for calcium; (2) stimulating prostaglandin synthesis and thereby increasing fluid and electrolytes into the lumen of the bowel; and (3) increasing peristalsis. On the other hand, magnesium sulfate induces diarrhea by promoting cholecytokinin release from the duodenal mucosa preventing the reabsorption of sodium chloride and water from the lumen
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The in vivo antiulcer activity of the plant extracts was investigated using pylorus ligation and ethanol-induced ulcer. Pylorus ligation cause accumulation of acid and pepsin leading to auto digestion of gastric mucosa and ulceration. [10] Ethanol cause depletion of gastric mucus content and increased expression of inflammatory mediators and vascular permeability [Figure 4]. [18] | Figure 4: Mechanism of pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulcer. Pylorus ligation causes accumulation of acid and pepsin, which leads to auto digestion of gastric mucosa and ulceration. On the other hand, ulcer due to ethanol is the result of reactive oxygen species generation, microvascular injury and release of infl ammatory mediators, which leads to increased vascular permeability, edema formation, and epithelial lifting resulting in necrotic lesions in the gastric mucosa
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In both the models, extracts provide a significant protection against ulcer as indicated by a decrease in the ulcer index, acidity and volume of gastric content and increase in pH of gastric content. The pathogenesis of pylorus ligation and ethanol-induced ulcer also involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [Figure 4]. T. cordifolia has been previously reported of its strong free radical scavenging properties against superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, NO radical, and peroxynitrite anion. [19] In this study, extracts significantly increased the level of antioxidant enzymes like catalase and GSH providing the first line defense system against ROS induced gastric mucosal damage in both the ulcer models.
The obtained results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folkloric use of the T. cordifolia as antidiarrheal and antiulcer agent. The future scope of the research remains in exploiting the signaling pathways of the active components of Tinospora thus, enabling effective disease targeting.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
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