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| REVIEW ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2014 | Volume
: 5
| Issue : 1 | Page : 4-12 |
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Bhasma : The ancient Indian nanomedicine
Dilipkumar Pal, Chandan Kumar Sahu, Arindam Haldar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalya (A Central University) Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| Date of Web Publication | 13-Feb-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Dilipkumar Pal
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidash Vishwavidyalya (A Central University), Koni, Bilaspur - 495 009, Chhattisgarh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.126980
Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicine use metals, but their use is also amply described in Chinese and Egyptian civilization in 2500 B.C. Bhasma are unique ayurvedic metallic/minerals preparation, treated with herbal juice or decoction and exposed for Ayurveda, which are known in Indian subcontinent since 7 th century A.D. and widely recommended for treatment of a variety of chronic ailments. Animal's derivative such as horns, shells, feathers, metallic, nonmetallic and herbals are normally administered as Bhasma. A Bhasma means an ash obtained through incineration; the starter material undergoes an elaborate process of purification and this process is followed by the reaction phase, which involves incorporation of some other minerals and/or herbal extract. There are various importance of Bhasma like maintaining optimum alkalinity for optimum health, neutralizing harmful acids that lead to illness; because Bhasma do not get metabolized so they don't produce any harmful metabolite, rather it breakdowns heavy metals in the body. Methods including for Bhasma preparation are parpati, rasayoga, sindora, etc., Bhasma which contain Fe, Cu, S or other manufacturing process plays a specific role in the final product(s). Particle size (1-2 μ) reduced significantly, which may facilitate absorption and assimilation of the drug into the body system. Standardization of Bhasma is utmost necessary to confirm its identity and to determine its quality, purity safety, effectiveness and acceptability of the product. But the most important challenges faced by these formulations are the lack of complete standardization by physiochemical parameters. Keywords: Ayurveda, bhasma, marna, nano-particle, shodhna, standardization
How to cite this article:
Pal D, Sahu CK, Haldar A. Bhasma : The ancient Indian nanomedicine. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2014;5:4-12 |
| Introduction | |  |
Ayurveda is the science made up of Veda (knowledge) and Ayush (life) i.e. knowledge of life. An Ayurvedic system adopts a holistic approach towards health care by balancing the physical, mental and spiritual functions of the human body. Rasa-Shastra (vedic-chemistry) is one of the parts of Ayurveda, which deals with herbo-mineral/metals/non-metals preparations called Bhasmas. Rasayana [1] (immunomodulation and anti-aging quality) and yogavahi (ability to target drugs to the site) are characteristics of a properly made herbo-mineral/metals/non-metals preparation, which is also nontoxic, gently absorbable, adaptable and digestible in the body. [2]
Bhasma, is a ayurvedic metallic/mineral preparation [Table 1], treated with herbal juices or decoction and exposed for certain quantum of heat as per puta system of Ayurveda, which itself is well known in Indian subcontinent since 7 th century A.D. and widely recommended for the treatment of many disease conditions [Table 2]. Bhasma are claimed to be biologically produced nanoparticles, which are prescribed with several other medicines of Ayurveda.
The concept of using nanometal particle is prevailing since Charakasamhita. [3] For a metallic preparation of Lauhadi Rasayana, iron is used to heat up until red hot and quenched in some liquid media immediately until flakes of iron become in fine powder form. [4]
| Characterization Of Bhasma | | |
Physical characteristic
- Color (Verna): A specific color is mentioned for each Bhasma. Bhasmas are generally white, pale, or red. The color of the preparation primarily depends on the parent material
- Lusterless (Nishchandratvam): Bhasma must be lusterless before therapeutic application. For this test, Bhasma is observed under bright sunlight whether luster is present are not, if luster is still present, it indicates further incineration
- Lightness and Fineness (Varitara): Bhasma floats on stagnant water surface. This test is based on law of surface tension. Properly incinerated Bhasma need to float on water surface
- Tactile sensation: Tactile sensation can be absorbed and assimilated in the body without producing any irritation to mucous membrane of gastrointestinal tract
- Particle size: Prepared Bhasma should be in powder form. Particle of Bhasma should be like pollen grains of Pondanus odoratissimus flower (ketaki rajah).
Chemical characteristic
- Apunarbhavata: It means incapability to regain original metallic form. For this test Bhasma is mixed with equal quantity of seeds of Abrus precatorius, [5] honey, ghee, borax then sealed in earthen pots and heated with similar grade of heat. Thereafter particular Bhasma is observed on self-cooling
- Niruttha: Niruttha is to test inability to regain metallic form of metallic Bhasma. In this test Bhasma is mixed with a fixed weight of silver leaf and kept in sealed earthen pots, then similar grade of heat is applied and after selfcooling, the weight of silver is taken. Increase in weight of silver leaf indicates improperly prepared Bhasma. [6]
| Quality Control of Bhasma | | |
Traditionally, the end points of incineration of a metal and its conversion to a Bhasma state are evaluated based on the following criteria:
- Lusterless: There should be no chandrika or metallic luster (nischandrika)
- Rekhapurnatvam: When a Bhasma is spread between the index finger and thumb and rubbed, it should be so fine as to get easily into the lines and crevices of the fingers and should not be washed out from the lines of the fingers
- Varitaratavam: When a small quantity is spread on cold and still water, it should float on the surface
- Apurnabhava: The Bhasma should not revert to the original state
- Tasteless: Bhasma should be tasteless
- Avami: The Bhasma should not produce nausea on administration.
(14A technique known as the phased spot test has been developed by the investigators of Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) of India to identify Bhasmas. This technique is very effective and accurate in identifying genuine quality of Bhasmas) [Figure 1]. [7]
| Classification of Bhasma | | |
- Metal-based Bhasma
- Mineral-based Bhasma
- Herbal Bhasma.
| Bhasma as A Nanoparticle | | |
Animal derivatives such as horns, shells, feathers, metallic and nonmetallic minerals are normally administered as Bhasma. A Bhasma means an ash obtained through incineration. The starter material undergoes an elaborate process of purification (shodhana), followed by the reaction phase, which involves incorporation of some other mineral and herbal extracts. Then the material in pellet form is incinerated in a furnace. The end product is expected to be a nontoxic material. Examples are Swarna Bhasma, Shankha Bhasma, Tamra Bhasma etc. Gold in tradition Indian ayurvedic medicine as Swarna Bhasma (gold ash) has been characterized as globular particles of gold (56-57 nm). Mercury compound contains mercury sulfide (crystalline size 25-50 nm) [Figure 2]. [8]
| Importance of Bhasma | | |
- Maintain optimum alkalinity for optimum health
- Provide easily absorbed and usable calcium
- Cleanse the kidneys, intestines and liver
- Maintain stronger bones and healthier teeth
- Alleviate insomnia, depression
- Keeps rhythmic heart beating
- Keeps arrhythmias and minerals balance
- Help metabolize iron in body
- Aid nervous system
- Breakdown heavy metals and drug residues in body
- Neutralize harmful acids that lead to illness
- Achieve a healthy alkaline level by neutralizing acid
- Protect body from free radical damage. [9]
| Preparation of Bhasma | | |
General procedures
The name Bhasma is generally applied to all metallic and nonmetallic substances that are subjected to the process of incineration and reduction into ash [Table 3]. Here it is applied to the scientific basis for ayurvedic therapies metals, minerals, and animal products that are, by special processes, calcinated in closed crucibles in pits with cow dung cakes (puttam). [10]
Steps used to prepare Bhasmas
Shodhana
In Ayurveda, purification is called Shodhana. Shodhana is the process through which the external and internal impurities of metals and minerals are removed.
The following processes are involved:
- Elimination of harmful matter from the drug
- Modification of undesirable physical properties of the drug
- Conversion of some of the characteristics of the drug to different stages
- Enhancement of the therapeutic action.
Marana
Marana is basically a burning process or calcination. [11] The purified metal is placed into a mortar pestle and grounded with the juice of specified plants or kashayas, mercury (in metallic state), or a compound of mercury such as mercury perchloride (sauviram), an amalgam of sulfur and mercury (kajjali) for a specified period of time. The metal that is intended for marana is known as a primary metal (pradhandhatu); the other metal, which is taken in small proportions for the marana of the primary metal, is known as secondary metal (sahayadhatu). Marana differs with the nature of the substance to be calcinated. For example, organic substances such as herbs are burnt in open air, whereas inorganic substances such as metals like rajata (silver) are burnt in closed containers. In either case, the end product is a Bhasma of substance taken for marana. For example, the end product in the case of silver (rajata) is called as Rajata Bhasma. Marana of inorganic substances is called puta and the process of marana of herbs in closed freshly made containers is known as puta-paka. Bhasma obtained by marana from primary metals together with herbs (mulika) are called Mulikamarita Bhasma. [12]
Gold (Swarna) Bhasma
The general preparation of Swarna Bhasma involves the three processes of shodhana, dravana, and marana. The leaves of gold are heated over fire and dipped in sesa (Sesamum indicum) oil when its red hot, process is continued seven times separately. [13] The soft leaves are processed with buttermilk/cow's urine and the decoction of kulattha (Dolichous biflorus), kanji (sour gruel processed from rice [Oryza sativa]), and radish (Raphanus sativus). Finally, the leaves are dried by heat. [14] The mixture is triturated and the paste thus obtained is dried under sunlight. The process of triturating and drying under sunlight is repeated 7 to 14 times using fresh aliquots of latex, and the final product is obtained.
Its organoleptic characteristics are as follows color dark brown, fine in touch and tasteless. [15] It should contain sulfur (<3.33% w/w), calcium (<1.625% w/w), sodium (<0.922% w/w), potassium (<0.370% w/w), sulfate (<3.00% w/w), copper (<17.2% w/w), iron oxide (ferric) (<85.0% w/w), iron oxide (ferrous) (<5.7% w/w), phosphate (<1.101% w/w), silica (<3.8% w/w), acid insoluble (<11.93% w/w), ash value (<98.20% w/w), acid-insoluble ash value (21.20-31.18% w/w). [16] It shows following pharmacological activity like analgesic activity against chemical, thermal, electrical and mechanical stimulation, stimulatory effect on peritoneal macrophages and antioxidant activity [Table 4]. Assessment of liver function test (enzymes) and histological investigation show no toxic effect of chronic administration of Swarna Bhasma. The particle size of the raw material was between 6 and 8 μ while that for the Bhasma particles was 1- and- 2 μ. [17]
Mukta Shouktic Bhasma
Mukta shouktic Bhasma (MSB) is a calcium-containing Bhasma consisting of pearl (mote), Aloe vera Linn. (Guar-patha) and vinegar (kanji). [18] This Bhasma is prepared from the outer covering of the shell (pearl-oyster), and is grounded and triturated with A. vera and vinegar in sufficient quantity to make a homogeneous paste. [19] The recommended proportion of pearl-oyster and A. vera is 1:4. Standardization parameters of MSB are [Table 5] (1) bulk density and tapped density (used to indirectly calculate the flow properties by deriving Carr's index. The static angle of repose was determined by the funnel method). (2) Particle size analysis with dynamic light scattering method (particle size of MSB ranges from 1.22 to 10.20 μm having a mean particle size of 22.52 ± 0.45 μm). (3) Transmission electron microscopy (particles are irregular rod shaped). It shows following pharmacological activity like antacid, anti-pyretic and as a source of calcium. [20] It is also used in tuberculosis, cough, asthma, dysmenorrheal, arthritis, rheumatism, conjunctivitis. Recent studies have shown that adding heated oyster shells to the diet of elderly patient increased the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine. MSB is one-third to one-half as potent an anti-inflammatory as the amino salicylic acid further, even as MSB is widely used for its antipyretic activity. [21]
Varatika Bhasma
Varatika is identified as the external shell of sea animal Cypraea moneta Linn. [22] It occurs in the coastal areas of the sea. Cypraea moneta is commonly known as the money cowry [Figure 3],[Figure 4] and [Figure 5]. Chemically it is carbonate of calcium. Its kashaya (decoction) was prepared for the purification process [Table 6]. Fresh Aloe-vera was collected and its juice was used for making cakrikas or pellets to be used in the incineration process of Varatika. Ingredients are the raw Varatika, Kulattha kashaya (Horse gram decoction for purification), Kumari svarasa (Aloe-vera juice) for grinding during incineration. It shows following organoleptic properties color is dull white fine powder, odorless, tasteless soluble in dilute HCl and physio-chemical analysis showed Loss on drying (0.6566%). It contains ash (2.06%), organic carbon (1.09%), total nitrogen (0.72%), total potassium (3.49%), total zinc (1.48 ppm), total iron (113.6 ppm). [23]
Mandura (Iron) Bhasma
Iron Bhasma contains three basic processes shodhana, dravana, and marana. Iron is prepared by two steps: Purification and quenching by sinking the red-hot leaflet in liquid medium like fresh Triphala decoction (nishechan) or cow's urine and calcinations with repeatedly 9 times. Coarse pieces of sulfur are taken in khalva yantra and some amount of dewadali swaras are added for bhavana. It is rubbed thoroughly and the process is repeated for at least 7 days. [24] Iron Bhasma should always be prepared with mercury; otherwise, it is not absorbed properly in the intestine. Another process includes lohamarakagana, amritkarana, and nirutthikarana. In the lohamaraka, fresh lemon juice is prepared and a specific amount of hingula powder is added. In the amritkarana process, equal amounts of Loha Bhasma and ghrita are placed in an iron pan and mixed properly under mild heat until the fat disappears. [25] It contains following organoleptic characteristics color dark brown, fine in touch, tasteless and having iron as Fe 2 O 3 (<96.575% w/w), iron as Fe (<75% w/w), ash value (96.8-99.7% w/w), acid-insoluble ash (0.101-2.803% w/w). It shows following pharmacological activity that it has not only in resorting hemoglobin level, but in significantly increasing body weight gain in Bhasma-treated animals and also helpful in iron deficiency anemia. It is a powerful hematinic and tonic and is valuable in the treatment of hemolytic jaundice and microcytic anemia. [26]
Naga Bhasma
Processing of the Naga Bhasma was done according to the Shastiputa Naga Bhasma process listed in the Grantha Ananda Kanda 2/6/25-28. Lead is purified through sublimation. Lead metal was melted in iron ladle and poured into a vessel containing lime water (called Curnodaka), decoction strength and filtered. [27] The process was repeated seven times with fresh lime water each time. In the first puta (step), the purified lead thus obtained was melted with equal amount of manahsila (As 2 S 2 ) and a small amount of Chichiri (Plectranthus cuesta L Her.), herb (root, stem, leaves, flower and fruit generally all parts were used) until it becomes dried powder. After cooling, powder is triturated with the juice of Vaasa (Adhatoda vasica Nees.) leaf. Small pellets were made and dried in shade. Dried pellets were packed airtight in two earthen pots one above the other (called Sharavsamput). Finally the pots were subjected to heat in the electric furnace at 600° in aerobic condition. This was the first puta (step) Naga Bhasma sample. Sample thus obtained was used in the next step. In rest of the each steps (remaining 59 step), manahsila was added in 1/20 th proportion to the prepared Bhasma with juice of Vaasa and subjected to heat treatment. The process was repeated sixty times to get the finally prepared Naga Bhasma. The final product in the form of the pellets were taken out of the earthen pot and powdered. The powdered material was packed in airtight containers. Physio-chemical characterization powdered Bhasma was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD, IR, TEM, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was utilized). Histopathological studies of Bhasma were done in skin, small intestine, pancreas, testis, brain, lung, kidney and liver. [28]
Copper (Tamra) Bhasma
Tamra Bhasma is used as a single drug and also in combination with many medicinal plant juices and then repeated calcinations performed with air so that the metallic state is transformed into the corresponding oxide form, which is traditionally known as Bhasma. [29] Tamra Bhasma is used for the management of liver disorder, arthritis, old age disorders, leukoderma, etc. It shows the following pharmacological activity like (1) hepatoprotective effect on cumene hydro-peroxide-induced per-oxidation, (2) it showed significant reduction in the level of lipid per-oxidation, (3) Tamra Bhasma is a strong antioxidant drug and could be used in the management of lipid peroxidation, (4) it showed no acute detectable adverse effects; levels of SOD were also enhanced by Tamra Bhasma. [30]
Abhrak Bhasma
Abhrak Bhasma is prepared by treating biotite (mica) with the juices of a number of re-constituent plants that make it a powerful cellular regenerator. It is a commonly used ayurvedic drug against many diseases including hepatitis (hepatoprotective). [31] It is also a nervine tonic and is widely used in respiratory tract infections and anemia. It contains iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum in trace amounts. Abhrak Bhasma is an amorphous powder drug. It also contains silicates of iron, magnesium and aluminum. [32]
Yashada Bhasma
Yashada Bhasma is specially processed with zinc. It is administered in sprue, diabetes, leucorrhea and hyperhidrosis. The role of the Bhasma in arresting myopia has been examined in one study. [33] Contamination of Bhasmas directly through the herbs used in the preparation and formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is expected. Bhasmas were analyzed and found to contain PAH (2.32-9.55 ppm) among the preparation tested. The benzo[a] pyrene level also varied, the highest concentration being 9.7 ppm. [34] The studies presented here suggest Bhasmas may have a hepatoprotective effect. However, efforts should be made to study their beneficial effects on other systems. Especially, evaluation of their immunomodulatory and neuroprotective actions may prove to be rewarding. [35]
Sankha Bhasma
Sankha Bhasma is a powder prepared from the calcinated conch shell. It consists mainly of calcium, iron and magnesium. Sankha Bhasma is well known for its antacid and digestive properties. It is useful in hyperchlorhydria, sprue, colic and hepatosplenomegaly. [36] A mixture of some ayurvedic medicines that contained Sankha Bhasma and the herbs Glycrrhiza-glabra, Terminalia-chebula, and Piper-longum showed protection against duodenal ulcer in rats. Studies show that these drugs act on Bruner's gland by improving its secretary state. [37],[38]
| Conclusion | | |
Bhasma which contains metals, minerals, and animal products, the manufacturing process plays a specific role in the raw material mixture in the final product. These could be important chemical markers for Bhasma prepared using a particular method. As a result of different stages of processing techniques like shodhana (which involves roasting, with addition of herbal juices and continuous stirring) and marana [which involves bhavana (wet trituration) and puta system of heating], the particle size reduces significantly, which may facilitate absorption and assimilation of the drug into the body system. The particle size in the Bhasma is 1-2 μ, which could be specified as the criterion for the final product conforming to all the traditional parameters under Bhasma pariksha (examination of properly prepared Bhasma). Although Bhasmas are complex materials, physicochemical analysis using modern techniques will be most attractive for the standardization of Bhasma medicines. This would definitely help in building confidence in use of such products for medication by ensuring safety, efficacy, and batch to batch uniformity.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
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| Rakesh K. Sindhu, Rubal Gupta, Gaurish Wadhera, Pradeep Kumar | | Gels. 2022; 8(2): 97 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
A review on clinical and experimental studies on ayurveda and leukemia |
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| Swati Chauhan, Shalini Rai, VitthalG Huddar | | Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth. 2022; 15(2): 158 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Ayurvedic Research and Methodology: Present Status and Future Strategies |
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| Savita P. Patil, Shivani Panwar | | International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology. 2022; : 283 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Development and Evaluation of Kukkutandatvak bhasma tablet by using Dry Granulation Techniques |
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| Priya Khalapurkar, Akshay Baheti, Manish Wani, Satish Polshettiwar, Ashwini Gawade, Amol Tagalpallewar, Varun Pande, Mrunal Sabale, Ameya Joshi | | Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; : 3764 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacological evaluation of Bauhinia variegata Lauha Bhasma |
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| Rupali Ajesh Gulalkari | | Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; : 5295 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Herbonanoceuticals: A Newer approach for Delivering Herbal Drugs-A Review |
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| Ashish Londhe, S.D. Mankar | | Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2022; : 136 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Three Millennia of Nanocrystals |
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| Federico Montanarella, Maksym V. Kovalenko | | ACS Nano. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Research update of emergent gold nanoclusters: A reinforced approach towards evolution, synthesis mechanism and application |
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| Imran Mahmood Khan, Sobia Niazi, Lin Yue, Yin Zhang, Imran Pasha, Muhammad Kashif Iqbal Khan, Wasim Akhtar, Ali Mohsin, Muhammad Farhan Chughati, Zhouping Wang | | Talanta. 2022; : 123228 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Understanding the effects of Abhraka Bhasma on genotoxicity and its DNA repair potential in mouse model |
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| Divya S. Kulala, Keshava Prasad, Poojitha S. Reddy, Swathi Maruthiyodan, Manjunath B. Joshi, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy, Kanive P. Guruprasad | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2022; : 100598 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Facile synthesis of silver doped-copper oxide nanoparticles using areca catechu leaf extract and their antidiabetic and anticancer studies |
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| Shwetha U. R, Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser, Latha M. S, Virupaxappa S. Betageri, Shilpa V. A, M. Ijaz Khan, Kamel Guedri | | Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2022; : 100606 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Cinnamomum verum-derived bioactives-functionalized gold nanoparticles for prevention of obesity through gut microbiota reshaping |
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| Vivek K. Sharma, Prateeksha, Sateesh C. Gupta, Brahma N. Singh, Chandana V. Rao, Saroj K. Barik | | Materials Today Bio. 2022; : 100204 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
The effect of chitosan-modified gold nanoparticles in Lemna valdiviana and Daphnia pulex |
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| Paulina Abrica-González, E. Zumelzu, Jorge Nimptsch, José Abraham Balderas-López, Alejandro Muñoz-Diosdado, Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada, Mario E. Flores | | Gold Bulletin. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
A comparative study on anti-microbial efficacies of biologically synthesized nano gold using Bos taurus indicus urine with pharmaceutical drug sample |
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| C.A. Pawar, A.K. Sharma, N.R. Prasad, S.S. Suryawanshi, G.M. Nazeruddin, V.S. Shaikh, A.N. Kulkarni, Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi, Y.I. Shaikh | | Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 2022; : 100311 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Evaluating green silver nanoparticles as prospective biopesticides: An environmental standpoint |
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| Malini S. Bapat,Hema Singh,Sudheesh K. Shukla,Prabal Pratap Singh,Dai-Viet N. Vo,Alpa Yadav,Abhineet Goyal,Ajit Sharma,Deepak Kumar | | Chemosphere. 2021; : 131761 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Ayurvedic supportive therapy in the management of breast cancer |
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| Manoj Kumar Dash,Namrata Joshi,D.N.S Gautam,Remya Jayakumar | | Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2021; : 100490 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
A study on toxicity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of Abhrak Bhasma in rats |
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| Harish Gopinath,Murugesh Shivashankar | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Physico-chemical characterization of samaguna and shadguna gandhaka kajjali (black sulphide of mercury) with respect to the role of sulfur in its formation and structure |
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| Namrata Joshi, Manoj Kumar Dash, Chandan Upadhyay, Vikas Jindal, Pradip Kumar Panda, Manjari Shukla | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Nanostructured gold in ancient Ayurvedic calcined drug ‘swarnabhasma’ |
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| Trupti Patil-Bhole, Asmita Wele, Ramacharya Gudi, Kapil Thakur, Shailesh Nadkarni, Rajendra Panmand, Bharat Kale | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Ayurvedic bhasma and synthesized nanoparticles: A comparative review |
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| S. Sreelakshmi,P.K. Vineeth,Arun Mohanan,N.V. Ramesh | | Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
A proposal for development of biological safety profile protocol for incinerated organometallic preparations (Ayurvedic bhasmas) |
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| C.S. Lekshmi,P.K. Vineeth,N.V. Ramesh | | Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Delineating the Role of Tailored Gold Nanostructures at the Biointerface |
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| Adarsh P. Fatrekar, Rasmi Morajkar, Saravanan Krishnan, Apurva Dusane, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Amit A. Vernekar | | ACS Applied Bio Materials. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Insights into Shape-Based Silver Nanoparticles: A Weapon to Cope with Pathogenic Attacks |
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| Vijay Chandrakant Karade,Rahul Bharamgonda Patil,Santosh Balwant Parit,Jin Hyeok Kim,Ashok Dattatray Chougale,Vishal Vilas Dawkar | | ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Comparing the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Formulated and Marketed Yashada Bhasma |
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| Nitu Bhatnagar, Avani Pareek | | Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; : 6392 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Comprehensive and Rapid Quality Evaluation Method for the Ayurvedic Medicine Divya-Swasari-Vati Using Two Analytical Techniques: UPLC/QToF MS and HPLC–DAD |
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| Acharya Balkrishna,Sudeep Verma,Priyanka Sharma,Meenu Tomer,Jyotish Srivastava,Anurag Varshney | | Pharmaceuticals. 2021; 14(4): 297 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF ABHRAK BHASM ON HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF WISTAR RATS |
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| Amita Singh,Raj Kumar,S. K. Kannaujia,Manikrishna Manikrishna,N. P. Singh | | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. 2021; : 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Physicochemical Variation in Nanogold-Based Ayurved Medicine Suvarna Bhasma Produced by Various Manufacturers Lead to Different In Vivo Bioaccumulation Profiles |
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| Snehasis Biswas, Mukesh Chawda, Kapil Thakur, Ramacharya Gudi, Jayesh Bellare | | Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine. 2021; 26: 2515690X21 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Biotite-Calx Based Traditional Indian Medicine Sahastraputi-Abhrak-Bhasma Prophylactically Mitigates Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Asthma by Amending Cytokine Responses |
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| Acharya Balkrishna,Siva Kumar Solleti,Hoshiyar Singh,Rani Singh,Niti Sharma,Anurag Varshney | | Journal of Inflammation Research. 2021; Volume 14: 4743 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Prospective Application of Nanoparticles Green Synthesized Using Medicinal Plant Extracts as Novel Nanomedicines |
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| Rajendran K Selvakesavan,Gregory Franklin | | Nanotechnology, Science and Applications. 2021; Volume 14: 179 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Effect of Radiation of Moon on the physical property of Jalkhumbhi (Water hyacinth) Bhasma as a functional nanomaterials for its applications as medicine and in other areas of Science & Technology |
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| Dinesh Kumar, Shambhu Nath Guha, Rakesh Kr. Singh, Jitendra Kr Singh, Dineshwar Prasad, Shashank Bhushan Das, Nishant Kumar | | Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2021; 2070(1): 012082 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Heavy Metals in Indian Traditional Systems of Medicine: A Systematic Scoping Review and Recommendations for Integrative Medicine Practice |
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| Sanchari Mukhopadhyay,Shalu Elizabeth Abraham,Bharath Holla,Kishore Kr Ramakrishna,Kamala Lakshmi Gopalakrishna,Akhila Soman,Umesh C. Chikkanna,Muchukunte Mukunda Srinivas Bharath,Hemant Bhargav,Shivarama Varambally,Bangalore Nanjundaiah Gangadhar | | The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Polymer Capped Silver Nanoparticles from Ziziphus nummularia Leaves Extract: Potent Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity |
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| Faruk Arodiya, Chirag Makvana, Kokila Parmar | | Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. 2021; 18(4): 691 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
In vivo and in vitro hair growth-promoting effect of silver and iron nanoparticles synthesized via
Blumea eriantha
DC plant extract |
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| Rohankumar R. Chavan,Somnath D. Bhinge,Mangesh A. Bhutkar,Dheeraj S. Randive,Ganesh H. Wadkar,Sachin S. Todkar | | Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Calcio-Herbal Medicine Divya-Swasari-Vati Ameliorates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Pathological Features and Inflammation in Humanized Zebrafish Model by Moderating IL-6 and TNF-a Cytokines |
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| Acharya Balkrishna,Sudeep Verma,Siva Kumar Solleti,Lakshmipathi Khandrika,Anurag Varshney | | Journal of Inflammation Research. 2020; Volume 13: 1219 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
A study on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea and its activity against oral pathogens |
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| Devasena Umai,Ananth Vikranth,Setti Sudharsan Meenambiga | | Materials Today: Proceedings. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Manikya Bhasma is a nanomedicine to affect cancer cell viability through induction of apoptosis |
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| Shikha Jha,Vishal Trivedi | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Medicinal plants: Treasure trove for green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications |
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| Harish Chandra,Pragati Kumari,Elza Bontempi,Saurabh Yadav | | Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2020; : 101518 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Calcio-herbal formulation, Divya-Swasari-Ras, alleviates chronic inflammation and suppresses airway remodelling in mouse model of allergic asthma by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine response |
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| Acharya Balkrishna,Siva Kumar Solleti,Hoshiyar Singh,Meenu Tomer,Niti Sharma,Anurag Varshney | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2020; 126: 110063 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Interactions between Hg and soil microbes: microbial diversity and mechanisms, with an emphasis on fungal processes |
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| Alexis Durand,François Maillard,Julie Foulon,Michel Chalot | | Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Herbometallic nano-drug inducing metastatic growth inhibition in breast cancer through intracellular energy depletion |
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| Bhuban Ruidas,Tapas Kumar Sur,Kunal Pal,Sutapa Som Chaudhury,Parash Prasad,Koel Sinha,Prasanta Kumar Sarkar,Pritha Das,Chitrangada Das Mukhopadhyay | | Molecular Biology Reports. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Preparation, characterization and stability assessment of keratin and albumin functionalized gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications |
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| R. Thilagam,A. Gnanamani | | Applied Nanoscience. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Synthesis of Ultrathin Biotite Nanosheets as an Intelligent Theranostic Platform for Combination Cancer Therapy |
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| Xiaoyuan Ji,Yong Kang,Jiang Ouyang,Yunhan Chen,Dolev Artzi,Xiaobin Zeng,Yuling Xiao,Chan Feng,Baowen Qi,Na Yoon Kim,Phei Er Saw,Na Kong,Omid C. Farokhzad,Wei Tao | | Advanced Science. 2019; : 1901211 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Swarna Makshika Bhasma preparation using an alternative heating method to traditional Varaha Puta |
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| P.M.Y.S. Pathiraja,Y.M.M.K. Ranatunga,S.K.M.K. Herapathdeniya,S.H.P. Gunawardena | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Physico-chemical characterization of traditionally prepared Yashada bhasma |
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| Avani Pareek,Nitu Bhatnagar | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Engaging Preservice Secondary Science Teachers in an NGSS-Based Energy Lesson: A Nanoscience Context |
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| Deepika Menon,Mary Sajini Devadas | | Journal of Chemical Education. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Metal Nanodelivery Systems for Improved Efficacy of Herbal Drugs |
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| Sonu Ambwani,Roopali Tandon,Tanuj Kumar Ambwani | | Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia. 2019; 16(2): 251 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Chemical Compositions of Metals in Bhasmas and Tibetan Zuotai Are a Major Determinant of Their Therapeutic Effects and Toxicity |
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| Jie Liu,Feng Zhang,Velagapudi Ravikanth,Olumayokun A. Olajide,Cen Li,Li-Xin Wei | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019; 2019: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Assessment of Hepatoprotective Activity of Rajata Bhasma in CCl4 Induced Hepatotoxicity Rats |
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| Anand Prakash Rai,Shalini Tripathi,Om Prakash Tiwari | | Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2019; 12(04): 1731 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
A landscape of nanomedicine innovations in India |
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| Pooja Bhatia,Suhas Vasaikar,Anil Wali | | Nanotechnology Reviews. 2018; 0(0) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Copper and copper nanoparticles: role in management of insect-pests and pathogenic microbes |
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| Mahendra Rai,Avinash P. Ingle,Raksha Pandit,Priti Paralikar,Sudhir Shende,Indarchand Gupta,Jayanta K. Biswas,Silvio Silvério da Silva | | Nanotechnology Reviews. 2018; 0(0) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Physicochemical characterisation and anti-inflammatory activity of ayurvedic herbo-metallic Tamra bhasma in acute and chronic models of inflammation |
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| Piyush S. Bafna,Savita D. Patil | | Materials Technology. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Toxic metals in ayurvedic preparations from a public health lead poisoning cluster investigation |
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| Marek A. Mikulski,Michael D. Wichman,Donald L. Simmons,Anthony N. Pham,Valentina Clottey,Laurence J. Fuortes | | International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Nanosilver crystals capped with Bauhinia acuminata phytochemicals as new antimicrobials and mosquito larvicides |
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| Naiyf S. Alharbi,Marimuthu Govindarajan,Shine Kadaikunnan,Jamal M. Khaled,Taghreed N. Almanaa,Sami A. Alyahya,Mohammed N. Al-anbr,Kasi Gopinath,Arumugam Sudha | | Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Synthesis and characterization of Vanga b hasma |
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| Babita Kale,Nilima Rajurkar | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Protective effects of dietary luteolin against mercuric chloride-induced lung injury in mice: Involvement of AKT/Nrf2 and NF-?B pathways |
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| Biying Liu,Hongxiang Yu,Ruiqi Baiyun,Jingjing Lu,Siyu Li,Qizheng Bing,Xiaoya Zhang,Zhigang Zhang | | Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 113: 296 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Mercury toxicity to terrestrial biota |
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| Khandaker Rayhan Mahbub,Kannan Krishnan,Ravi Naidu,Stuart Andrews,Mallavarapu Megharaj | | Ecological Indicators. 2017; 74: 451 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Physico-chemical Analysis of Herbally Prepared Silver Nanoparticles and its Potential as a Drug Bioenhancer |
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| Sirisha Mukkavalli,Vijay Chalivendra,Bal Ram Singh | | OpenNano. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Fluorescent metal quantum clusters: an updated overview of the synthesis, properties, and biological applications |
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| Puneet Khandelwal,Pankaj Poddar | | Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
A perspective on the hemolytic activity of chemical and green-synthesized silver and silver oxide nanoparticles |
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| C Ashokraja,M Sakar,S Balakumar | | Materials Research Express. 2017; 4(10): 105406 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Nanotechnology in medicine: Leads from Ayurveda |
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| Rohit Sharma, PK Prajapati | | Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences. 2016; 8(1): 80 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Bio-inspired nano tools for neuroscience |
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| Suradip Das,Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte,James W. Fawcett,Utpal Bora | | Progress in Neurobiology. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coffea arabica seed extract and its antibacterial activity |
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| Vivek Dhand,L. Soumya,S. Bharadwaj,Shilpa Chakra,Deepika Bhatt,B. Sreedhar | | Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2016; 58: 36 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
Advanced targeted nanomedicine |
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| Mohan C.M. Arachchige,Yana K. Reshetnyak,Oleg A. Andreev | | Journal of Biotechnology. 2015; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
Strategic role of selected noble metal nanoparticles in medicine |
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| Mahendra Rai,Avinash P. Ingle,Sonal Birla,Alka Yadav,Carolina Alves Dos Santos | | Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 2015; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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