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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2013 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 2 | Page : 101-107 |
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Development and evaluation of diltiazem hydrochloride controlled-release pellets by fluid bed coating process
Mikkilineni Bhanu Prasad1, Suryadevara Vidyadhara2, Reddyvalam Lankapalli C Sasidhar2, Talamanchi Balakrishna2, Pavuluri Trilochani1
1 Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Chebrolu Hanumaiah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| Date of Web Publication | 8-May-2013 |
Correspondence Address:
Suryadevara Vidyadhara
Chebrolu Hanumaiah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chowdavaram, Chandramoulipuram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.111526
 Abstract | | |
The aim of the present study was to develop controlled-release pellets of diltiazem HCl with ethyl cellulose and hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose phthalate as the release rate retarding polymers by fluid bed coating technique. The prepared pellets were evaluated for drug content, particle size, subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Differential Scanning Calori metry (DSC), and evaluated for in vitro release. Stability studies were carried out on the optimized formulations for a period of 3 months. The drug content was in the range of 97%-101%. The mean particle size of the drug-loaded pellets was in the range 700-785 μm. The drug release rate decreased as the concentration of ethyl cellulose increased in the pellet formulations. Among the prepared formulations, FDL10 and FDL11 showed 80% drug release in 16 h, matching with USP dissolution test 6 for diltiazem HCl extended-release capsules. SEM photographs confirmed that the prepared formulations were spherical in nature with a smooth surface. The compatibility between drug and polymers in the drug-loaded pellets was confirmed by DSC studies. Stability studies indicated that the pellets were stable. Keywords: Controlled release, diltiazem HCl, fluid bed coating, multiparticulate dosage forms, sustained release
How to cite this article:
Prasad MB, Vidyadhara S, Sasidhar RC, Balakrishna T, Trilochani P. Development and evaluation of diltiazem hydrochloride controlled-release pellets by fluid bed coating process. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2013;4:101-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Prasad MB, Vidyadhara S, Sasidhar RC, Balakrishna T, Trilochani P. Development and evaluation of diltiazem hydrochloride controlled-release pellets by fluid bed coating process. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [serial online] 2013 [cited 2023 Apr 1];4:101-7. Available from: https://www.japtr.org/text.asp?2013/4/2/101/111526 |
| Introduction | |  |
Multiparticulate dosage forms (MPDFs) are receiving an immense attention as alternative drug delivery systems for oral drug delivery even though single-unit dosage forms have been widely used for decades. The most commonly used pharmaceutical solid dosage forms today include granules, pellets, tablets, and capsules, out of which tablets are the most popular dosage form, accounting for 70% of all ethical pharmaceutical preparations produced.
The most interesting area in the development of MPDFs is incorporation into tablets instead of hard gelatin capsules in order to make them more economical to the consumers, and is gaining more attention currently. The present research work focuses on the pelletized form of multiple units; they are prepared by a process called pelletization which is referred to as a size enlargement process and the final products obtained are called pellets. Pellets provide a reduction in the dosage regimen and gastrointestinal (GI) irritation. They increase the absorption of the active ingredient and possess controlled drug release properties. Also, one of the advantageous properties of the pellet formulations is them being good candidates for the delivery of the drug substances by minimizing the dose-dumping effect. The reproducibility of the release characteristics from pellet formulations is also much better with respect to the single-unit dosage forms. They are suitable systems for film coating with respect to the high surface area-volume ratios. Also, resistance to external factors such as moisture, air, and light is the most advantageous property of these dosage forms. [1],[2],[3],[4]
In the present study, fluid bed coating (FBC) process was employed for the preparation of diltiazem HCl pellets. Fluidized bed processor is an equipment that can perform multiple functions like coating, drying, granulation, and pelletizing. It is applied for specific manipulation of the particle surface characteristics. [5],[6],[7]
Diltiazem HCl is a calcium channel blocker which is widely used in the treatment of variant angina, hypertension, and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. It is freely soluble in distilled water, chloroform, and methanol. Diltiazem HCl is rapidly absorbed (90%) after oral administration, but availability is only 30%-40% in systemic circulation and bioavailability varies between individuals. It has an elimination half-life of 3-5 h and is slightly prolonged after multiple dosing. [8] Based on the above physical, chemical, biopharmaceutical properties and clinical relevance, diltiazem HCl was selected as the drug candidate for developing controlled release pellet formulations.
The controlled release pellets of diltiazem HCl with ethyl cellulose and hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) by employing fluid bed coating technique. Ethyl cellulose 7 cps, a high-viscosity grade polymer, was used for regulating the drug release from the pellet formulations. HPMCP, an enteric coating polymer, was used in the present study to regulate the drug release at varied GI pH conditions. An attempt was made to optimize the composition of these two polymers to achieve the controlled release of drugs from the pellets. Pellets offer a great flexibility in pharmaceutical solid dosage form design and development. They are better than other dosage forms in terms of ease of coating, sustained, controlled, or site-specific delivery of the drug from coated pellets, uniform packing, even distribution in the GI tract, and less GI irritation. [9] HPMC E5 was used as a film former in the present investigation. Croscarmellose sodium was used as the disintegrant to create channels in the coating for drug release. Povidone was used as the binder to achieve uniform drug layering in the present study. [10],[11]
| Materials and Methods | | |
Materials
Diltiazem HCl was obtained as a gift sample from Pellet Pharma Ltd., Hyderabad, India. The excipients povidone K-30 and ethyl cellulose (EC) 7 cps were obtained as gift samples from Pellet Pharma Ltd., and HPMC E5 was obtained as a gift sample from Dow Chemicals Asia Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai, India. HPMC phthalate, talc, isopropyl alcohol, and propylene glycol were obtained as gift samples from Lobachemi Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Preparation of Diltiazem HCL Release Pellets by Fluid Bed Coating
Equal quantities of diltiazem HCl and croscarmellose sodium were taken in a bowl and mixed with gloved hand. To the mixture, another equivalent quantity of diltiazem HCl was added and mixed with help of gloved hand, and the remaining quantity of drug was loaded into the blender and mixed with the powder for 10 min.
Preparation of povidone solution
Isopropyl alcohol, PVP K-30 (polyvinyl pyrrolidone), and Tween 80 were taken into stainless steel propeller-type stirrer mixer and mixed for 10 min. The solution was filtered through nylon cloth into SS tank.
Drug Loading
Sugar pellets were charged into fluidization basket. The drug and croscarmellose powder blends were also charged into the fluidized basket and povidone solution was atomized onto the materials while the air was allowed to circulate into the basket at an air flow rate of 2000-4500 cfm to keep the materials under fluidized state. The process of fluidization was continued for 10 min. The drug-loaded pellets from the FBC were spread into the trays uniformly and dried at 60°C temperature for about 3 h. After drying, the pellets were sifted by using vibro sifter to remove the fines and to separate the uniform-sized pellets.
Preparation of HPMC E5 Solution
HPMC E5 and water were taken into the stainless steel tank and mixed for 10 min with propeller-type stirrer. The solution was filtered through nylon cloth into SS tank.
Sub-Coating
The drug-loaded pellets were charged into fluidization basket. HPMC E5 polymer solution was atomized onto the materials while the air was allowed to circulate into the basket at an air flow rate of 2000-4500 cfm to keep the materials under fluidized state. The process of fluidization was continued for 10 min. Coating of the pellets was done under specified conditions like inlet temperature of 40°C and outlet temperature of 35°C, with an air pressure 2.5 kg/cm 2 . Damper was adjusted such that pellets should not hit the upper screen. Flow rate rpm was adjusted to 18-22 rpm. The drug-loaded pellets from the FBC were spread onto the trays uniformly and dried at 60°C temperature for about 3 h. After drying, the pellets were sifted by using vibro sifter to remove fines and the uniform-sized pellets were collected.
Preparation of HPMCP Solution
HPMCP, cetyl alcohol, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol were taken into the tank and mixed for 10 min at 1300 rpm by using propeller-type stirrer and filtered through nylon cloth into SS tank.
Polymer Loading
The HPMC-coated pellets were charged into fluidization basket. Polymer solution was atomized onto the materials while the air was allowed to circulate into the basket at an air flow rate of 2000-4500 cfm to keep the materials under fluidized state. The process of fluidization was continued for 10 min. Pellets were coated under specified conditions like inlet temperature of 40°C and outlet temperature of 35°C, with an air pressure of 2.5 kg/cm 2 . Damper was adjusted such that pellets should not hit the upper screen. Flow rate rpm was adjusted to 24-28 rpm. The drug-loaded pellets from the FBC were spread onto the trays uniformly and dried at 60°C temperature for about 3 h. After drying, the pellets were sifted by using vibro sifter to remove fines and the uniform-sized pellets were collected.
Preparation of EC Solution
Ethyl cellulose, diethyl phthalate, talc, Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) and acetone were taken into the SS tank. They were mixed in a homogenizer for 15 min and filtered through nylon cloth into SS tank.
Polymer Loading
The HPMCP-coated pellets were charged into fluidization basket. EC polymer solution was atomized onto the materials while the air was allowed to circulate into the basket to keep the materials under fluidized state. The process of fluidization was continued for 10 min. The fluid bed coating process variables were given in the [Table 1].
Finally the coated pellets were dried at ambient conditions for 2 h and sifted through vibro sifter to collect uniform-sized pellets. The composition of various diltiazem hydrochloride controlled release pellets is given in [Table 2]. | Table 2: Composition of various diltiazem HCl pellets prepared by fluid bed coating
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Evaluation of Physical Parameters
Percentage Yield
All the batches of controlled-release diltiazem pellets prepared by fluid bed coating were evaluated for percentage yield of the pellets. The actual percentage yields of pellets were calculated by using the following formula. The % yields of various batches of pellets are given in [Table 3].
 | Table 3: Physical parameters of diltiazem HCl pellets by fluid bed coating
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Particle Size Determination
The average particle size of the pellet formulations of diltiazem hydrochloride was analyzed by simple sieve analysis method. The particle size of various batches of pellets is given in [Table 3].
Friability
The friability of the core pellets of diltiazem hydrochloride [12] was determined as % weight loss after 100 revolutions of 10 g of pellets in a friabilator. The friability values of various pellets formulations are given in [Table 3].
Drug Content
One gram of diltiazem hydrochloride pellets from each batch was taken at random and crushed to a fine powder. The powdered material was transferred into a 100 ml volumetric flask and 70 ml of distilled water was added to it. It was shaken occasionally for about 30 min and the volume was made up to 100 ml by adding distilled water. About 10 ml of the solution from the volumetric flask was taken and centrifuged. The solution from the centrifuge tube was collected and again filtered by using Millipore filter. Then the filtrate was subsequently diluted and the absorbance was measured at 238 nm for diltiazem hydrochloride. This test was repeated six times (N = 6) for each batch of pellets. The drug content of various batches of pellets is given in [Table 3].
In Vitro Dissolution Studies
One hundred and twenty milligram equivalent weight of diltiazem hydrochloride containing pellets was collected and weighed at random from each batch of pellet formulation and dissolution studies were performed in a calibrated 8-station dissolution test apparatus (Disso 2000) equipped with paddles (USP apparatus II method), [13] employing 900 ml of distilled water as the medium. The paddles were operated at 100 rpm and the temperature was maintained at 37 ± 1°C throughout the experiment. Five milliliter of the samples was withdrawn at regular intervals up to 24 h and replaced with an equal volume of fresh dissolution medium to maintain a constant volume of the dissolution medium throughout the experiment. Samples withdrawn at various time intervals were suitably diluted with the same dissolution medium and the amount of drug released was estimated by ELICO double-beam spectrophotometer at 238 nm. The dissolution studies on each formulation were conducted three times. Necessary corrections were made for the loss of drug due to each sampling.
The dissolution profiles of all the pellet formulations of diltiazem hydrochloride were compared with the marketed extended-release pellet formulation of diltiazem hydrochloride by using a model-independent approach of similarity factor f2, with all time points included in the in vitro dissolution studies. [14],[15] The equation for calculating similarity factor is:
where "n " is the number of dissolution time and R t and T t are the reference (theoretical) and test dissolution values at time "t," respectively. Dissolution profile was considered satisfactory if f1 value was below 15 (nearing zero) and f2 value was more than 50. Two dissolution profiles were considered similar when the f2 value was 50-100.
Characterization of Pellets
The selected formulations were subjected to Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies to identify any possible interaction between drug and polymers during the coating process. The surface characteristics of the pellets were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis.
Accelerated Stability Studies
The formulations which showed good in vitro performance (FDL10 and FDL11) were subjected to stability studies under accelerated temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions (40°C and 75% RH) for 3 months. Test samples withdrawn after 3 months were subjected to various tests, including visual inspection for any appreciable change on the pellet surface, assay, and dissolution.
| Results and Discussion | | |
Diltiazem HCl pellets were prepared by fluid bed coating process. All batches of pellet formulations were formulated and manufactured under identical conditions by maintaining specific process parameters which are given in [Table 1]. The compositions of various pellet formulations are shown in [Table 2]. The pellet formulations were evaluated for physical parameters such as % yield, particle size, friability, and drug content. The percent yields of various coated pellets were in the range of 90%-95%, and the particle size of all the batches of pellets were in the range of 700-785 μm. The friability loss of the coated pellets was less than 0.1%, and the percent of drug present in various pellet formulations was found to be in the range of 97%-102%. All the physical parameters evaluated for the various batches of pellet formulations are given in [Table 3]. Dissolution studies were performed on all the controlled-release pellets by using USP paddle method (apparatus II). The dissolution profiles of all the pellet formulations are shown in [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. The drug release from the pellet formulations was extended up to 18 h in majority of the formulations. Formulations FDL1-FDL4 extended the drug release up to 14 h. Formulations FDL5-FDL11 extended the drug release up to 18 h. The drug release rate decreased as the concentration of ethyl cellulose increased in the formulations. Remaining formulations extended the drug release up to 16 h. Among the prepared formulations, FDL10 and FDL11 showed drug release up to 80% at the end of 16 h, matching with USP dissolution test 6 [12] for diltiazem HCl extended-release capsules. It was observed that increase in the concentration of ethyl cellulose resulted in delay of the drug release from the pellets. The increase in HPMCP concentration in formulations showed initial delay in drug release, i.e. up to 4 h, and further the rate of release was increased. All the pellet formulations were found to be linear with first-order release rate with R2 values in the range of 0.988-0.998, indicating that the rate of drug release from all the pellet formulations was concentration dependent. The Higuchi's plots for all the pellet formulations were found to be linear with R2 values in the range of 0.969-0.998. The release exponent values (n values) for all the pellet formulations were in the range of 0.52-0.81, indicating that the drug release was by non-Fickian diffusion. Thus, the drug release from the pellet formulations was by diffusion of the drug from the polymeric matrix, followed by erosion of the polymer. The in vitro dissolution parameters were shown in the [Table 4]. The dissolution profiles of diltiazem hydrochloride pellet formulations were compared with those of the marketed controlled release formulation of diltiazem hydrochloride extended-release pellets. The similarity factors were calculated for these formulations. The similarity factor f2 values were in the range of 19-89. The formulations FDL10 and FDL11 showed the similarity factor values above 50, indicating that the release profiles for these formulations were similar to that of marketed formulation. DSC analysis was performed for the pure drug and selected pellet formulations to study the drug excipient interactions. A broad endothermic peak at 214.80°C was observed for the pure drug diltiazem, which is the characteristic peak for diltiazem HCl. [16] For the formulations FDL6 and FDL12, the broad endothermic peaks were observed at 213.44°C and 215.66°C. The results revealed that there was no major interaction between the drug and the polymers during the coating process. The DSC endotherms are shown in [Figure 3], [Figure 4] and [Figure 5]. | Figure 1: Drug release profiles for controlled-release diltiazem hydrochloride pellets
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 | Figure 2: Drug release profiles for controlled-release diltiazem hydrochloride pellets
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 | Table 4: In vitro dissolution parameters of diltiazem hydrochloride pellets by fluid bed coating
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Optimized pellet formulations were characterized by SEM analysis to understand the pellet surface morphology. The pellets prepared by FBC were having smooth surface with minimal pores, indicating the uniform coating of the pellets. The SEM images of the pellet formulations are shown in [Figure 6] and [Figure 7].
The optimized pellet formulation was further evaluated by accelerated stability studies. The stability studies indicated that there were no visible and physical changes observed in the pellet formulations after storage at accelerated conditions. The drug-release characteristics of the pellets remained unaltered after 3 months of storage. The dissolution profiles of the formulations FDL10 and FDL11 before storage and after storage (FDL10S and FDL 11S) are shown in [Figure 8]. | Figure 8: Drug release profiles diltiazem hydrochloride pellets before and after storage
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| Conclusions | | |
The multi-unit dosage form pellets that were formulated by fluid bed coating process showed controlled release of diltiazem hydrochloride for a prolonged period of time. Based on the results, the pellets prepared by FBC process were found to be ideal for the preparation of diltiazem hydrochloride controlled-release formulations.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
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