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REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2010  |  Volume : 1  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 381-387  

Mucoadhesive drug delivery system: An overview

Bindu M Boddupalli1, Zulkar N.K Mohammed1, Ravinder A Nath2, David Banji1
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh - 508 001, India
2 Faculty of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh - 500 013, India

Date of Web Publication3-Feb-2011

Correspondence Address:
Bindu M Boddupalli
Department of Pharmaceutics, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Cherlapalli, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh - 508 001
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0110-5558.76436

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   Abstract 

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, and mucin molecules and increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption. The drugs which have local action or those which have maximum absorption in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) require increased duration of stay in GIT. Thus, mucoadhesive dosage forms are advantageous in increasing the drug plasma concentrations and also therapeutic activity. In this regard, this review covers the areas of mechanisms and theories of mucoadhesion, factors influencing the mucoadhesive devices and also various mucoadhesive dosage forms.

Keywords: Mucoadhesion, theories, mucoadhesive dosage forms


How to cite this article:
Boddupalli BM, Mohammed ZN, Nath RA, Banji D. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system: An overview. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2010;1:381-7

How to cite this URL:
Boddupalli BM, Mohammed ZN, Nath RA, Banji D. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system: An overview. J Adv Pharm Technol Res [serial online] 2010 [cited 2023 Feb 9];1:381-7. Available from: https://www.japtr.org/text.asp?2010/1/4/381/76436


   Introduction Top


Since the early 1980s, the concept of mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology. [1] Adhesion can be defined as the bond produced by contact between a pressure sensitive adhesive and a surface. The American Society of Testing and Materials has defined it as the state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces, which may consist of valence forces, interlocking action or both. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems prolong the residence time of the dosage form at the site of application or absorption. They facilitate an intimate contact of the dosage form with the underlying absorption surface and thus improve the therapeutic performance of the drug. In recent years, many such mucoadhesive drug delivery systems have been developed for oral, buccal, nasal, rectal and vaginal routes for both systemic and local effects. [2]

Dosage forms designed for mucoadhesive drug delivery should be small and flexible enough to be acceptable for patients and should not cause irritation. Other desired characteristics of a mucoadhesive dosage form include high drug loading capacity, controlled drug release (preferably unidirectional release), good mucoadhesive properties, smooth surface, tastelessness, and convenient application. Erodible formulations can be beneficial because they do not require system retrieval at the end of desired dosing interval. A number of relevant mucoadhesive dosage forms have been developed for a variety of drugs. Several peptides, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), insulin, octreotide, leuprolide, and oxytocin, have been delivered via the mucosal route, albeit with relatively low bioavailability (0.1-5%), [3] owing to their hydrophilicity and large molecular weight, as well as the inherent permeation and enzymatic barriers of the mucosa.

The development of sustain release dosage form can achieve the aim of releasing the drug slowly for a long period but this is not sufficient to get sustained therapeutic effect. They may be cleared from the site of absorption before emptying the drug content. Instead, the mucoadhesive dosage form will serve both the purposes of sustain release and presence of dosage form at the site of absorption. In this regard, our review is high lighting few aspects of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.


   Advantages of Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System Top


Mucoadhesive delivery systems offer several advantages over other oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence time of drug in gastrointestinal tract (GIT).

  • Targeting and localization of the dosage form at a specific site.
  • Also, the mucoadhesive systems are known to provide intimate contact between dosage form and the absorptive mucosa, resulting in high drug flux at the absorbing tissue. [4]


Mucus Membranes

Mucus membranes (mucosae) [Figure 1] are the moist surfaces lining the walls of various body cavities such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. They consist of a connective tissue layer (the lamina propria) above which is an epithelial layer, the surface of which is made moist usually by the presence of a mucus layer. The epithelia may be either single layered (e.g. the stomach, small and large intestines and bronchi) or multilayered/stratified (e.g. in the esophagus, vagina and cornea). The former contain goblet cells which secrete mucus directly onto the epithelial surfaces; the latter contain, or are adjacent to tissues containing, specialized glands such as salivary glands that secrete mucus onto the epithelial surface. Mucus is present either as a gel layer adherent to the mucosal surface or as a luminal soluble or suspended form. The major components of all mucus gels are mucin glycoproteins, lipids, inorganic salts and water, the latter accounting for more than 95% of their weight, making them a highly hydrated system. [5] The major functions of mucus are that of protection and lubrication.
Figure 1 :Mucus membrane structure

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Mechanisms of Mucoadhesion

The mechanism of mucoadhesion is generally divided into two steps: the contact stage and the consolidation stage [Figure 2]. The first stage is characterized by the contact between the mucoadhesive and the mucus membrane, with spreading and swelling of the formulation, initiating its deep contact with the mucus layer. [6]

In the consolidation step [Figure 2], the mucoadhesive materials are activated by the presence of moisture. Moisture plasticizes the system, allowing the mucoadhesive molecules to break free and to link up by weak van der Waals and hydrogen bonds. Essentially, there are two theories explaining the consolidation step: the diffusion theory and the dehydration theory. According to the diffusion theory, the mucoadhesive molecules and the glycoproteins of the mucus mutually interact by means of interpenetration of their chains and the building of secondary bonds. For this to take place, the mucoadhesive device has features favoring both chemical and mechanical interactions. For example, molecules with hydrogen bond building groups (-OH, -COOH), an anionic surface charge, high molecular weight, flexible chains and surface-active properties, which help in spreading throughout the mucus layer, can present mucoadhesive properties. [6]
Figure 2 :The process of contact and consolidation

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Mucoadhesion Theories

Mucoadhesion is a complex process and numerous theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms involved. These theories include mechanical interlocking, electrostatic, diffusion interpenetration, adsorption and fracture processes.

Wetting theory

The wetting theory applies to liquid systems which present affinity to the surface in order to spread over it. This affinity can be found by using measuring techniques such as the contact angle. The general rule states that the lower the contact angle, the greater is the affinity [Figure 3]. The contact angle should be equal or close to zero to provide adequate spreadability. The spreadability coefficient, S AB0, can be calculated from the difference between the surface energies γB and γA and the interfacial energy γAB, as indicated in the equation given below. [5] This theory explains the importance of contact angle and reduction of surface and interfacial energies to achieve good amount of mucoadhesion.
Figure 3 :Influence of contact angle on mucoadhesion

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S AB = γB - γA - γAB

Diffusion theory

Diffusion theory describes the interpenetration of both polymer and mucin chains to a sufficient depth to create a semi-permanent adhesive bond [Figure 4]. It is believed that the adhesion force increases with the degree of penetration of the polymer chains. This penetration rate depends on the diffusion coefficient, flexibility and nature of the mucoadhesive chains, mobility and contact time. According to the literature, the depth of interpenetration required to produce an efficient bioadhesive bond lies in the range 0.2-0.5 μm. This interpenetration depth of polymer and mucin chains can be estimated by the following equation: [5]
Figure 4 :Secondary interaction between mucoadhesive device and of mucus

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l = (tD b)˝

where t is the contact time and D b is the diffusion coefficient of the mucoadhesive material in the mucus. The adhesion strength for a polymer is reached when the depth of penetration is approximately equivalent to the polymer chain size. In order for diffusion to occur, it is important that the components involved have good mutual solubility, that is, both the bioadhesive and the mucus have similar chemical structures. The greater the structural similarity, the better is the mucoadhesive bond. [5]

Fracture theory

This is perhaps the most used theory in studies on the mechanical measurement of mucoadhesion. It analyzes the force required to separate two surfaces after adhesion is established. This force, s m, is frequently calculated in tests of resistance to rupture by the ratio of the maximal detachment force, F m, and the total surface area, A0 , involved in the adhesive interaction



Since the fracture theory [Figure 5] is concerned only with the force required to separate the parts, it does not take into account the interpenetration or diffusion of polymer chains. Consequently, it is appropriate for use in the calculations for rigid or semi-rigid bioadhesive materials, in which the polymer chains do not penetrate into the mucus layer. [5],[6]
Figure 5 :Fractures occurring for mucoadhesion

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The electronic theory

This theory describes adhesion occurring by means of electron transfer between the mucus and the mucoadhesive system, arising through differences in their electronic structures. The electron transfer between the mucus and the mucoadhesive results in the formation of double layer of electrical charges at the mucus and mucoadhesive interface. The net result of such a process is the formation of attractive forces within this double layer. [7]

The adsorption theory

In this instance, adhesion is the result of various surface interactions (primary and secondary bonding) between the adhesive polymer and mucus substrate. Primary bonds due to chemisorptions result in adhesion due to ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, which is generally undesirable due to their permanency. [8] Secondary bonds arise mainly due to van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Whilst these interactions require less energy to "break", they are the most prominent form of surface interaction in mucoadhesion processes as they have the advantage of being semi-permanent bonds. [9]

All these numerous theories should be considered as supplementary processes involved in the different stages of the mucus/substrate interaction, rather than individual and alternative theories. Each and every theory is equally important to describe the mucoadhesion process. There is a possibility that there will be initial wetting of the mucin, and then diffusion of the polymer into mucin layer, thus causing the fracture in the layers to effect the adhesion or electronic transfer or simple adsorption phenomenon that finally leads to the perfect mucoadhesion. The mechanism by which a mucoadhesive bond is formed will depend on the nature of the mucus membrane and mucoadhesive material, the type of formulation, the attachment process and the subsequent environment of the bond. It is apparent that a single mechanism for mucoadhesion proposed in many texts is unlikely for all the different occasions when adhesion occurs.

Factors Affecting Mucoadhesion

Molecular weight

The mucoadhesive strength of a polymer increases with molecular weights above 100,000. Direct correlation between the mucoadhesive strength of polyoxyethylene polymers and their molecular weights lies in the range of 200,000-7,000,000. [10]

Flexibility

Mucoadhesion starts with the diffusion of the polymer chains in the interfacial region. Therefore, it is important that the polymer chains contain a substantial degree of flexibility in order to achieve the desired entanglement with the mucus. [11] The increased chain interpenetration was attributed to the increased structural flexibility of the polymer upon incorporation of polyethylene glycol. In general, mobility and flexibility of polymers can be related to their viscosities and diffusion coefficients, as higher flexibility of a polymer causes greater diffusion into the mucus network. [12]

Cross-linking density

The average pore size, the number and average molecular weight of the cross-linked polymers, and the density of cross-linking are three important and inter-related structural parameters of a polymer network. Therefore, it seems reasonable that with increasing density of cross-linking, diffusion of water into the polymer network occurs at a lower rate which, in turn, causes an insufficient swelling of the polymer and a decreased rate of interpenetration between polymer and mucin. [12]

Hydrogen bonding capacity

Hydrogen bonding is another important factor in mucoadhesion of a polymer. Desired polymers must have functional groups that are able to form hydrogen bonds, and flexibility of the polymer is important to improve this hydrogen bonding potential. [12] Polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), hydroxylated methacrylate, and poly(methacrylic acid), as well as all their copolymers, have good hydrogen bonding capacity. [13]

Hydration

Hydration is required for a mucoadhesive polymer to expand and create a proper macromolecular mes of sufficient size, and also to induce mobility in the polymer chains in order to enhance the interpenetration process between polymer and mucin. Polymer swelling permits a mechanical entanglement by exposing the bioadhesive sites for hydrogen bonding and/or electrostatic interaction between the polymer and the mucus network. [12] However, a critical degree of hydration of the mucoadhesive polymer exists where optimum swelling and mucoadhesion occurs. [13]

Charge

Some generalizations about the charge of bioadhesive polymers have been made previously, where nonionic polymers appear to undergo a smaller degree of adhesion compared to anionic polymers. Strong anionic charge on the polymer is one of the required characteristics for mucoadhesion. [13] Some cationic polymers are likely to demonstrate superior mucoadhesive properties, especially in a neutral or slightly alkaline medium. [14] Additionally, some cationic high-molecular-weight polymers, such as chitosan, have shown to possess good adhesive properties. [15] There is no significant literature about the influence of the charge of the membrane on the mucoadhesion but the pH of the membrane affects the mucoadhesion as it can influence the ionized or un-ionized forms of the polymers. [16]

Concentration

The importance of this factor lies in the development of a strong adhesive bond with the mucus, and can be explained by the polymer chain length available for penetration into the mucus layer. When the concentration of the polymer is too low, the number of penetrating polymer chains per unit volume of the mucus is small and the interaction between polymer and mucus is unstable. In general, the more concentrated polymer would result in a longer penetrating chain length and better adhesion. However, for each polymer, there is a critical concentration, above which the polymer produces an "unperturbed" state due to a significantly coiled structure. As a result, the accessibility of the solvent to the polymer decreases, and chain penetration of the polymer is drastically reduced. Therefore, higher concentrations of polymers do not necessarily improve and, in some cases, actually diminish mucoadhesive properties. One of the studies addressing this factor demonstrated that high concentrations of flexible polymeric films based on polyvinylpyrrolidone or poly(vinyl alcohol) as film-forming polymers did not further enhance the mucoadhesive properties of the polymer. [17]

Sites for Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems

The common sites of application where mucoadhesive polymers have the ability to deliver pharmacologically active agents include oral cavity, eye conjunctiva, vagina, nasal cavity and GIT.

The buccal cavity has a very limited surface area of around 50 cm 2 but the easy access to the site makes it a preferred location for delivering active agents. The site provides an opportunity to deliver pharmacologically active agents systemically by avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism in addition to the local treatment of the oral lesions.

The sublingual mucosa is relatively more permeable than the buccal mucosa due to the presence of large number of smooth muscle and immobile mucosa. Hence, formulations for sublingual delivery are designed to release the active agent quickly while mucoadhesive formulation is of importance for the delivery of active agents to the buccal mucosa, where the active agent has to be released in a controlled manner. This makes the buccal cavity more suitable for mucoadhesive drug delivery. [18] The various mucoadhesive polymers used for the development of buccal delivery systems include cyanoacrylates, polyacrylic acid, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hyaluronic acid, hydroxypropylcellulose, polycarbophil, chitosan and gellan. The delivery systems are generally coated with a drug and water impermeable film so as to prevent the washing of the active agent by the saliva. [19]

Like buccal cavity, nasal cavity also provides a potential site for the development of formulations where mucoadhesive polymers can play an important role. The nasal mucosal layer has a surface area of around 150-200 cm 2 . The residence time of a particulate matter in the nasal mucosa varies between 15 and 30 min, which has been attributed to the increased activity of the mucociliary layer in the presence of foreign particulate matter. The polymers used in the development of formulations for the development of nasal delivery system include copolymer of methyl vinyl ether, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose, carbopol-934P and Eudragit RL-100. [20],[21]

Due to the continuous formation of tears and blinking of eye lids, there is a rapid removal of the active medicament from the ocular cavity, which results in the poor bioavailability of the active agents. This can be minimized by delivering the drugs using ocular insert or patches. The mucoadhesive polymers used for the ocular delivery include thiolated poly(acrylic acid), poloxamer, celluloseacetophthalate, methyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, poly(dimethyl siloxane) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). [22],[23]

The vaginal and the rectal lumen have also been explored for the delivery of the active agents both systemically and locally. The active agents meant for the systemic delivery by this route of administration bypass the hepatic first-pass metabolism. Quite often, the delivery systems suffer from migration within the vaginal/rectal lumen, which might affect the delivery of the active agent to the specific location. The use of mucoadhesive polymers for the development of delivery system helps in reducing the migration of the same, thereby promoting better therapeutic efficacy. The polymers used in the development of vaginal and rectal delivery systems include mucin, gelatin, polycarbophil and poloxamer. [24],[25],[26]

GIT is also a potential site which has been explored for a long time for the development of mucoadhesive based formulations. The modulation of the transit time of the delivery systems in a particular location of the gastrointestinal system by using mucoadhesive polymers has generated much interest among researchers around the world. The various mucoadhesive polymers which have been used for the development of oral delivery systems include chitosan, poly(acrylic acid), alginate, poly(methacrylic acid) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. [27]

Each site of mucoadhesion has its own advantages and disadvantages along with the basic property of prolonged residence of dosage form at that particular site. In buccal and sublingual sites, there is an advantage of fast onset along with bypassing the first-pass metabolism, but these sites suffer from inconvenience because of taste and intake of food. In GIT, there is a chance for improved amount of absorption because of microvilli, but it has a drawback of acid instability and first-pass effects. Rectal and vaginal sites are the best ones for the local action of the drug but they suffer from inconvenience of administration. Nasal and ophthalmic routes have another drawback of mucociliary drainage that would clear the dosage form from the site.

Mucoadhesive Dosage Forms

Tablets

Tablets are small, flat, and oval, with a diameter of approximately 5-8 mm. [28] Unlike the conventional tablets, mucoadhesive tablets allow for drinking and speaking without major discomfort. They soften, adhere to the mucosa, and are retained in position until dissolution and/or release is complete. Mucoadhesive tablets, in general, have the potential to be used for controlled release drug delivery, but coupling of mucoadhesive properties to tablet has additional advantages, for example, it offers efficient absorption and enhanced bioavailability of the drugs due to a high surface to volume ratio and facilitates a much more intimate contact with the mucus layer. Mucoadhesive tablets can be tailored to adhere to any mucosal tissue including those found in stomach, thus offering the possibilities of localized as well as systemic controlled release of drugs. The application of mucoadhesive tablets to the mucosal tissues of gastric epithelium is used for administration of drugs for localized action. Mucoadhesive tablets are widely used because they release the drug for a prolonged period, reduce frequency of drug administration and improve the patient compliance. The major drawback of mucoadhesive tablets is their lack of physical flexibility, leading to poor patient compliance for long-term and repeated use. [29],[30],[31]

Films

Mucoadhesive films may be preferred over adhesive tablets in terms of flexibility and comfort. In addition, they can circumvent the relatively short residence time of oral gels on the mucosa, which are easily washed away and removed by saliva. Moreover, in the case of local delivery for oral diseases, the films also help protect the wound surface, thus helping to reduce pain, and treat the disease more effectively. An ideal film should be flexible, elastic, and soft, yet adequately strong to withstand breakage due to stress from mouth movements. It must also possess good mucoadhesive strength in order to be retained in the mouth for the desired duration of action. Swelling of film, if it occurs, should not be too extensive in order to prevent discomfort. [32]

Patches

Patches are laminates consisting of an impermeable backing layer, a drug-containing reservoir layer from which the drug is released in a controlled manner, and a mucoadhesive surface for mucosal attachment. Patch systems are similar to those used in transdermal drug delivery. Two methods used to prepare adhesive patches include solvent casting and direct milling. In the solvent casting method, the intermediate sheet from which patches are punched is prepared by casting the solution of the drug and polymer(s) onto a backing layer sheet, and subsequently allowing the solvent(s) to evaporate. In the direct milling method, formulation constituents are homogeneously mixed and compressed to the desired thickness, and patches of predetermined size and shape are then cut or punched out. An impermeable backing layer may also be applied to control the direction of drug release, prevent drug loss, and minimize deformation and disintegration of the device during the application period. [33],[34]

Gels and ointments

Semisolid dosage forms, such as gels and ointments, have the advantage of easy dispersion throughout the oral mucosa. However, drug dosing from semisolid dosage forms may not be as accurate as from tablets, patches, or films. Poor retention of the gels at the site of application has been overcome by using mucoadhesive formulations. Certain mucoadhesive polymers, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, [35] carbopol, [36] hyaluronic acid, [37] and xanthan gum, [38] undergo a phase change from liquid to semisolid. This change enhances the viscosity, which results in sustained and controlled release of drugs. Hydrogels are also a promising dosage form for buccal drug delivery. They are formed from polymers that are hydrated in an aqueous environment and physically entrap drug molecules for subsequent slow release by diffusion or erosion. [39] The application of mucoadhesive gels provides an extended retention time in the oral cavity, adequate drug penetration, as well as high efficacy and patient acceptability. A major application of adhesive gels is the local delivery of medicinal agents for the treatment of periodontitis, which is an inflammatory and infectious disease that causes formation of pockets between the gum and the tooth, and can eventually cause loss of teeth. It has been suggested that mucoadhesive polymers might be useful for periodontitis therapy when incorporated in antimicrobial-containing formulations that are easily introduced into the periodontal pocket with a syringe. [40],[41],[42] HPMC has been used as an adhesive ointment ingredient. Additionally, a highly viscous gel was developed from carbopal and hydroxypropylcellulose for ointment dosage forms that could be maintained on the tissue for up to 8 hours. [2]


   Conclusion Top


This overview about the mucoadhesive dosage forms might be a useful tool for the efficient design of novel mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems have applications from different angles, including development of novel mucoadhesives, design of the device, mechanisms of mucoadhesion and permeation enhancement. With the influx of a large number of new drug molecules due to drug discovery, mucoadhesive drug delivery will play an even more important role in delivering these molecules.


   Acknowledgments Top


The authors wish to thank the Management and HOD, Department of Pharmaceutics, Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Nalgonda, AP, India, and also Faculty of Pharmacy, Osmania University, for providing facilities to carry out this review work.

 
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    Figures

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87 Characterization of Rheological Property of Mucoadhesive Polymeric Sol-Gel in the Presence of Black Ginger Kaempferia parviflora Extract
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88 Highlighting the impact of chitosan on the development of gastroretentive drug delivery systems
Maurício Palmeira Chaves de Souza,Rafael Miguel Sábio,Taís de Cássia Ribeiro,Aline Martins dos Santos,Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin,Marlus Chorilli
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020;
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89 Fabrication of chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel scaffolds containing PLGA microparticles loaded with dexamethasone for biomedical applications
Sadaf Saeedi Garakani,Seyed Mohammad Davachi,Zohreh Bagher,Anahita Heraji Esfahani,Niki Jenabi,Zhaleh Atoufi,Mehdi Khanmohammadi,Alireza Abbaspourrad,Hamid Rashedi,Maryam Jalessi
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90 Optimization and evaluation of chitosan buccal films containing tenoxicam for treating chronic periodontitis: In vitro and in vivo studies
Lubna Y. Ashri,Amal El Sayeh F. Abou El Ela,Mohamed Abbas Ibrahim,Doaa Hasan Alshora,Marianne j. Naguib
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91 Hypromellose – A traditional pharmaceutical excipient with modern applications in oral and oromucosal drug delivery
Eliška Mašková,Katerina Kubová,Bahijja T. Raimi-Abraham,Driton Vllasaliu,Eva Vohlídalová,Jaroslav Turánek,Josef Mašek
Journal of Controlled Release. 2020;
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92 Zero-order drug delivery: State of the art and future prospects
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93 Ondansetron buccal administration for paediatric use: a comparison between films and wafers
Barbara Giordani,Angela Abruzzo,Cecilia Prata,Fiore Pasquale Nicoletta,Francesco Dalena,Teresa Cerchiara,Barbara Luppi,Federica Bigucci
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94 Synthesis and in vitro characterization of a preactivated thiolated acrylic acid/acrylamide-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer as a mucoadhesive sprayable polymer
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95 Nanotechnology based blended chitosan-pectin hybrid for safe and efficient consolidative antiemetic and neuro-protective effect of meclizine hydrochloride in chemotherapy induced emesis
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International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020; 584: 119411
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96 Nanosponges as protein delivery systems: Insulin, a case study
Silvia Lucia Appleton,Maria Tannous,Monica Argenziano,Elisabetta Muntoni,Arianna Carolina Rosa,Davide Rossi,Fabrizio Caldera,Anna Scomparin,Francesco Trotta,Roberta Cavalli
International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020; 590: 119888
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97 Electrospun nanofiber for the delivery of active drugs through nasal, oral and vaginal mucosal: Current status and future perspectives
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98 Ciprofloxacin-intercalated layered double hydroxide-in-hybrid films as composite dressings for controlled antimicrobial topical delivery
Yadira Salguero,Laura Valenti,Ricardo Rojas,Mónica C. García
Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2020; : 110859
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99 Intestinal permeation enhancers to improve oral bioavailability of macromolecules: Reasons for low efficacy in humans
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Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2020;
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100 The gamut of perspectives, challenges, and recent trends for in situ hydrogels: a smart ophthalmic drug delivery vehicle
Beauty Das,Dipankar Chattopadhyay,Dipak Rana
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101 Nano and microscale delivery platforms for enhanced oral peptide/protein bioavailability
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102 Harnessing emerging paradigms in chemical engineering to accelerate the development of pharmaceutical products
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The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2020;
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103 Polymeric Films for the Encapsulation, Storage, and Tunable Release of Therapeutic Microbes
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Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2020; : 1901643
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104 Genetically Programmable Self-Regenerating Bacterial Hydrogels
Anna M. Duraj-Thatte,Noémie-Manuelle Dorval Courchesne,Pichet Praveschotinunt,Jarod Rutledge,Yuhan Lee,Jeffrey M. Karp,Neel S. Joshi
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105 Design, Formulation, and Evaluation of Novel Dissolving Microarray Patches Containing Rilpivirine for Intravaginal Delivery
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106 Hydrogel Adhesion: A Supramolecular Synergy of Chemistry, Topology, and Mechanics
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107 Review of recently used techniques and materials to improve the efficiency of orally administered proteins/peptides
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108 Courier properties of modified citrus pectinate-chitosan nanoparticles in colon delivery of curcumin
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109 Evaluation of the mucoadhesive strengths of Abelmoschus esculentus and Irvingia gabonensis gums for possible application in veterinary vaccine delivery: the effect of extraction methods
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Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry. 2019; : 1
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110 Mannosylated Nanoparticles for Oral Immunotherapy in a Murine Model of Peanut Allergy
Ana Brotons-Canto,Carlos Gamazo,Nekane Martín-Arbella,Muthanna Abdulkarim,Mark Gumbleton,Gemma Quincoces,Ivan Peńuelas,Juan M. Irache
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;
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111 Development of Rectodispersible Tablets and Granulate Capsules for the Treatment of Serious Neonatal Sepsis in Developing Countries
Tina Kauss,Marie-Hélčne Langlois,Alice Guyonnet-Dupérat,Thida Phoeung,Xiao Yu Xie,Anthony Cartwright,Nicholas White,Melba Gomes,Karen Gaudin
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112 Mucoadhesive Hybrid Polymer/Liposome Pastes Based on Modified Polysaccharides
Yarden Shtenberg,Mor Goldfeder,Hodaya Prinz,Janna Shainsky,Yasmen Ghantous,Imad Abu El-Naaj,Avi Schroeder,Havazelet Bianco-Peled
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113 Targeted drug delivery to the brain via intranasal nanoemulsion: Available proof of concept and existing challenges
Bappaditya Chatterjee,Bapi Gorain,Keithanchali Mohananaidu,Pinaki Sengupta,Uttam Kumar Mandal,Hira Choudhury
International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2019; 565: 258
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114 Optimization and in vivo evaluation of duloxetine hydrochloride buccoadhesive lyophilized tablets
Ahmed Hassen Elshafeey,Marwa Hassan Shukr,Amr Mostafa Elsharawy
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2019;
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115 Mucoadhesive approach for buccal application: Preactivated chitosan
Flavia Laffleur,Sonja Röttges
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116 New Insight into the Fabrication of Smart Mucoadhesive Buccal Patches as a Novel Controlled-Drug Delivery System
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European Polymer Journal. 2019;
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117 Intestinal permeability enhancement of benzopyran HP1-loaded nanoemulsions
Gabriela C. Meirelles,Cassiana Mendes,Thiago Caon,Helder F. Teixeira,Gilsane von Poser,Gilles Ponchel
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019; 127: 115
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118 Buccal adhesive chitosan conjugate comprising pilocarpine for xerostomia
Flavia Laffleur,Sonja Röttges
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019;
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119 Furcellaran-Coated Microcapsules as Carriers of Cyprinus carpio Skin-Derived Antioxidant Hydrolysate: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
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120 Mucoadhesive Hydrogel Nanoparticles as Smart Biomedical Drug Delivery System
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121 Formulation and Evaluation of Silymarin-Loaded Chitosan-Montmorilloite Microbeads for the Potential Treatment of Gastric Ulcers
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Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2018; 9(3): 52
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122 Calcium Chloride Modified Alginate Microparticles Formulated by the Spray Drying Process: A Strategy to Prolong the Release of Freely Soluble Drugs
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Materials. 2018; 11(9): 1522
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123 Production and Characterization of a Clotrimazole Liposphere Gel for Candidiasis Treatment
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Polymers. 2018; 10(2): 160
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124 Strategies for Improving Ocular Drug Bioavailability and Corneal Wound Healing with Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems
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Polymers. 2018; 10(11): 1221
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125 Chitosan Glutamate-Coated Niosomes: A Proposal for Nose-to-Brain Delivery
Federica Rinaldi,Patrizia Hanieh,Lik Chan,Livia Angeloni,Daniele Passeri,Marco Rossi,Julie Wang,Anna Imbriano,Maria Carafa,Carlotta Marianecci
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126 Mucosal Applications of Poloxamer 407-Based Hydrogels: An Overview
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Pharmaceutics. 2018; 10(3): 159
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127 Recent Advances in Drug Delivery System for Bioactive Glycosides from Traditional Chinese Medicine
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The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2018; : 1
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128 Hydrogels based on poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) and Tween 85 for sustained delivery of hydrophobic drugs
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International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2018; 538(1-2): 147
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129 Oral insulin delivery, the challenge to increase insulin bioavailability: Influence of surface charge in nanoparticle system
Elodie Czuba,Mouhamadou Diop,Carole Mura,Anais Schaschkow,Allan Langlois,William Bietiger,Romain Neidl,Aurélien Virciglio,Nathalie Auberval,Diane Julien-David,Elisa Maillard,Yves Frere,Eric Marchioni,Michel Pinget,Séverine Sigrist
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130 Physicochemical and rheo-mechanical characterization of titanium dioxide reinforced sage seed gum nanohybrid hydrogel
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018;
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131 Evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan nanoparticles prepared using different chitosan to tripolyphosphate (CS:TPP) ratios
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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018; 120: 1610
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132 Non-invasive delivery strategies for biologics
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133 Development of (Acrylic acid/ Polyethylene glycol)-Zinc oxide mucoadhesive nanocomposites for buccal administration of Propranolol HCl
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Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2018;
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134 Mucoadhesive assessment of different antifungal nanoformulations
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Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2018; 13(5): 055001
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135 Design, Characterization, and Biopharmaceutical Behavior of Nanoparticles Loaded with an HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor Peptide
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Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2018;
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136 Cyclodextrin based nanosponge of norfloxacin: Intestinal permeation enhancement and improved antibacterial activity
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137 Polymer adhesion predictions for oral dosage forms to enhance drug administration safety. Part 1: In vitro approach using particle interaction methods
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138 Preclinical pharmacokinetics of benznidazole-loaded interpolyelectrolyte complex-based delivery systems
Mónica Cristina García,María Laura Guzman,Martín A. Himelfarb,Nicolás J. Litterio,María Eugenia Olivera,Alvaro Jimenez-Kairuz
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018; 122: 281
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139 Mucoadhesive nanofibrous membrane with anti-inflammatory activity
Simzar Hosseinzadeh,Shokouhsadat Hamedi,Elaheh Esmaeili,Mahboubeh Kabiri,Ali Babaie,Masoud Soleimani,Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi
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140 Efficient Mucosal Immunization by Mucoadhesive and pH-Sensitive Polymeric Vaccine Delivery System
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141 Covalently mucoadhesive amphiphilic prodrug of 5-fluorouracil for enhanced permeation and improved oral absorption
Yan Liu,Dongyang Zhao,Mengchi Sun,Wei Wei,Yingli Wang,Jiahua Zhou,Ruoshi Zhang,Jian Wang,Haotian Zhang,Zhonggui He,Qiming Kan,Jin Sun
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142 A stimulus-responsive, in situ-forming, nanoparticle-laden hydrogel for ocular drug delivery
Maryam Kabiri,Syed H. Kamal,Sandip V. Pawar,Protiva R. Roy,Maziar Derakhshandeh,Ujendra Kumar,Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos,Sazzad Hossain,Vikramaditya G. Yadav
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143 Comparative mucoadhesive study of hyaluronic acid-based conjugates on different mucosae
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144 The wettability and swelling of selected mucoadhesive polymers in simulated saliva and vaginal fluids
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145 Novel ex vivo protocol using porcine vagina to assess drug permeation from mucoadhesive and colloidal pharmaceutical systems
Maíra N. Pereira,Thaiene A. Reis,Breno N. Matos,Marcílio Cunha-Filho,Taís Gratieri,Guilherme M. Gelfuso
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146 Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS): Proof-of-concept how to make them mucoadhesive
Gintare Leonaviciute,Nada Trivic Adamovic,Hung Thanh Lam,Julia Rohrer,Alexandra Partenhauser,Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2017; 112: 51
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147 An overview of intestinal wafers for oral drug delivery
Kirsten Kirsch,Ulrike Hanke,Werner Weitschies
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2017;
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148 Enhancing the efficiency of thiomers: Utilizing a highly mucoadhesive polymer as backbone for thiolation and preactivation
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European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017; 96: 309
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149 Formulation, functional evaluation and ex vivo performance of thermoresponsive soluble gels - A platform for therapeutic delivery to mucosal sinus tissue
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European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017; 96: 499
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150 Controlled-release biodegradable nanoparticles: From preparation to vaginal applications
Beatriz Martínez-Pérez,David Quintanar-Guerrero,Melina Tapia-Tapia,Ricardo Cisneros-Tamayo,María L. Zambrano-Zaragoza,Sergio Alcalá-Alcalá,Néstor Mendoza-Muńoz,Elizabeth Pińón-Segundo
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017;
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151 Surface properties and surface free energy of cellulosic etc mucoadhesive polymers
M. Rojewska,A. Bartkowiak,B. Strzemiecka,A. Jamrozik,A Voelkel,K. Prochaska
Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017; 171: 152
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152 Bioadhesive and biocompatible films as wound dressing materials based on a novel dendronized chitosan loaded with ciprofloxacin
Mónica C. García,Ana A. Aldana,Luis I. Tártara,Fabiana Alovero,Miriam C. Strumia,Rubén H. Manzo,Marisa Martinelli,Alvaro F. Jimenez-Kairuz
Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017;
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153 Molecular and biopharmaceutical investigation of alginate–inulin synbiotic coencapsulation of probiotic to target the colon
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154 Formulation and optimization of duloxetine hydrochloride buccal films: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Amr Mostafa El Sharawy,Marwa Hassan Shukr,Ahmed Hassen Elshafeey
Drug Delivery. 2017; 24(1): 1762
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155 A critical review about methodologies for the analysis of mucoadhesive properties of drug delivery systems
Jéssica Bassi da Silva,Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,Osvaldo de Freitas,Marcos Luciano Bruschi
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2017; 43(7): 1053
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156 Evaluation of polyvinyl alcohols as mucoadhesive polymers for mucoadhesive buccal tablets prepared by direct compression
Yuri Ikeuchi-Takahashi,Chizuko Ishihara,Hiraku Onishi
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2017; 43(9): 1489
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157 A novel pH-responsive hydrogel-based on calcium alginate engineered by the previous formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) intended to vaginal administration
Natália Noronha Ferreira,Taciane Alvarenga Perez,Liliane Neves Pedreiro,Fabíola Garavello Prezotti,Fernanda Isadora Boni,Valéria Maria de Oliveira Cardoso,Tiago Venâncio,Maria Palmira Daflon Gremiăo
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2017; : 1
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158 Modified xanthan gum for buccal delivery—A promising approach in treating sialorrhea
Flavia Laffleur,Martina Michalek
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017; 102: 1250
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159 Recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery
Bipul Kumar,Kanika Jalodia,Pradeep Kumar,Hemant K. Gautam
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2017; 41: 260
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160 Preparation and characterization of gastrointestinal wafer formulations
Kirsten Kirsch,Ulrike Hanke,Werner Weitschies
International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2017;
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161 Evolution of the scientific literature on drug delivery: A 1974–2015 bibliometric study
C. Robert,C.S. Wilson,A. Venuta,M. Ferrari,C.-D. Arreto
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162 Development and in�vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive patches of methotrexate for targeted delivery in oral cancer
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163 The Influence of Chitosan Cross-linking on the Properties of Alginate Microparticles with Metformin Hydrochloride—In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation
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Molecules. 2017; 22(1): 182
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164 Tailored Hydrogel Microbeads of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose as a Carrier to Deliver Mefenamic Acid: Transmucosal Administration
Babak Shirizadeh,Maryam Maghsoodi,Mitra Alami-Milani,Sara Salatin,Mitra Jelvehgari
Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2017; In Press(In Press)
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165 Design and evaluation of buccal-adhesive system made of modified xanthan
Flavia Laffleur,Martina Michalek,Wongsakorn Suchaoin,Muhammad Ijaz
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166 Development of mucoadhesive thio-carboxymethyl cellulose for application in buccal delivery of drugs
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167 Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review
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168 Treatment of Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis Using a Novel Accepted Taste of Prolonged Release Mucoadhesive Bi-medicated Double-Layer Buccal Films
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169 Evaluation of the Safety, Cell Migration, and Mucoadhesive Properties of a Mucoadhesive Polymer Blend in Human Oral Mucosa
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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2016;
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170 Gastroretentive systems – a proposed strategy to modulate anthocyanin release and absorption for the management of diabetes
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Drug Delivery. 2016; : 1
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171 Preactivated thiolated nanoparticles: A novel mucoadhesive dosage form
Claudia Menzel,Sonja Bonengel,Irene Pereira de Sousa,Flavia Laffleur,Felix Prüfert,Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2016; 497(1-2): 123
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172 Functional physico-chemical, ex vivo permeation and cell viability characterization of omeprazole loaded buccal films for paediatric drug delivery
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International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2016; 500(1-2): 217
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173 Mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as potential carriers for improving oral delivery of curcumin
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Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2016; : 1
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174 Gelatin/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrices — Polymer interactions approach for oral disintegrating films
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Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2016; 69: 668
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175 Maleimide-bearing nanogels as novel mucoadhesive materials for drug delivery
Prasopchai Tonglairoum,Ruairí P. Brannigan,Praneet Opanasopit,Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
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176 Filmes bucais mucoadesivos de tramadol para o controle eficaz da dor
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177 Mucoadhesive buccal films of tramadol for effective pain management
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178 Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogels for sustained release of ferulic acid on corneal wound healing
Ching-Yao Tsai,Lin-Chung Woung,Jiin-Cherng Yen,Po-Chen Tseng,Shih-Hwa Chiou,Yen-Jen Sung,Kuan-Ting Liu,Yung-Hsin Cheng
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179 Association of Lactobacillus crispatus with fructo-oligosaccharides and ascorbic acid in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose vaginal insert
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180 Mucoadhesive chitosan hydrogels as rectal drug delivery vessels to treat ulcerative colitis
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181 Thin films as an emerging platform for drug delivery
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182 Response surface based co-optimization of release kinetics and mucoadhesive strength for an oral mucoadhesive tablet of cefixime trihydrate
Jagdish Manwar,Dipak D. Kumbhar,Ravindra Bakal,Swati Baviskar,Rahul Manmode
Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. 2016;
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183 Mucoadhesive acrylated block copolymers micelles for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs
Tal Eshel-Green,Havazelet Bianco-Peled
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184 Modulation of bovine whey protein digestion in gastrointestinal tract: A comprehensive review
B.N.P. Sah,A.J. McAinch,T. Vasiljevic
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185 Phosphorylation of psyllium seed polysaccharide and its characterization
Monica R.P. Rao,Deepa U. Warrier,Snehal R. Gaikwad,Prachi M. Shevate
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186 Lecithin, gelatin and hydrolyzed collagen orally disintegrating films: functional properties
J.G. Borges,A.G. Silva,C.M. Bitencourt,F.M. Vanin,R.A. Carvalho
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2016;
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187 Composite HPMC and sodium alginate based buccal formulations for nicotine replacement therapy
Obinna C. Okeke,Joshua S. Boateng
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2016;
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188 Intestinal mucoadhesive devices for oral delivery of insulin
Amrita Banerjee,JooHee Lee,Samir Mitragotri
Bioengineering & Translational Medicine. 2016;
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189 A Janus Mucoadhesive and Omniphobic Device for Gastrointestinal Retention
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Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2016;
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190 Hydrogel nanoparticles and nanocomposites for nasal drug/vaccine delivery
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191 Drug delivery techniques for buccal route: formulation strategies and recent advances in dosage form design
Sonia Barua,Hyeongmin Kim,Kanghee Jo,Chang Won Seo,Tae Jun Park,Kyung Bin Lee,Gyiae Yun,Kyungsoo Oh,Jaehwi Lee
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192 Orally Disintegrating Films Containing Propolis: Properties and Release Profile
Josiane Gonçalves Borges,Rosemary Aparecida De Carvalho
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193 Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets Based on Chitosan/Gelatin Microparticles for Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride
Angela Abruzzo,Teresa Cerchiara,Federica Bigucci,Maria Caterina Gallucci,Barbara Luppi
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194 Regional Morphology and Transport of PAMAM Dendrimers Across Isolated Rat Intestinal Tissue
Dallin Hubbard,Tanner Bond,Hamidreza Ghandehari
Macromolecular Bioscience. 2015; 15(12): 1735
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195 Gastrointestinal Mucosa: The Target Site of Mucoadhesive Microspheres, A Review
MUHAMMAD ZAMAN,NAYAB SAJID,ATTA UR REHMAN
Advances in Polymer Technology. 2015; : n/a
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196 Chitosan-catechol: A polymer with long-lasting mucoadhesive properties
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197 Mucoadhesive and thermogelling systems for vaginal drug delivery
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198 Evaluation of functional characteristics of preactivated thiolated chitosan as potential therapeutic agent for dry mouth syndrome
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199 New equipment for measurement of the force of adhesion of mucoadhesive films
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Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 2015; 29(13): 1360
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200 Polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery technologies for oral delivery applications
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201 Eye gels for ophthalmic delivery
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202 Mucoadhesive drug carrier based on functional-modified cellulose as poorly water-soluble drug delivery system
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203 Formulation and evaluation of floating mucoadhesive alginate beads for targetingHelicobacter?pylori
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204 Effect of Molar Mass and Water Solubility of Incorporated Molecules on the Degradation Profile of the Triblock Copolymer Delivery System
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205 The Effect of ß-Glycerophosphate Crosslinking on Chitosan Cytotoxicity and Properties of Hydrogels for Vaginal Application
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206 Bilayer mucoadhesive microparticles for the delivery of metoprolol succinate: Formulation and evaluation
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207 Development and Statistical Optimisation of Buspirone Hydrochloride Buccoadhesive Films
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208 Formulation and evaluation of novel stomach specific floating microspheres bearing famotidine for treatment of gastric ulcer and their radiographic study
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209 Design andin vitrocharacterization of buccoadhesive tablets of timolol maleate
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210 Mucoadhesive polymers for buccal drug delivery
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211 In vivoevaluation of a mucoadhesive polymeric caplet for intravaginal anti-HIV-1 delivery and development of a molecular mechanistic model for thermochemical characterization
Valence M. K. Ndesendo,Yahya E. Choonara,Leith C. R. Meyer,Pradeep Kumar,Lomas K. Tomar,Charu Tyagi,Lisa C. du Toit,Viness Pillay
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212 Oro-dental mucoadhesive proniosomal gel formulation loaded with lornoxicam for management of dental pain
Ghada Ahmed Abdelbary,Mona Hassan Aburahma
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213 Advances in ophthalmic drug delivery
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214 Lectin-conjugated microspheres for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection and interaction with mucus
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215 Mucins; A Biologically Relevant Glycan Barrier in Mucosal Protection
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216 Crosslinked thiolated starch coated Fe3O4magnetic nanoparticles: Effect of montmorillonite and crosslinking density on drug delivery properties
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217 Overview on buccal drug delivery systems
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218 Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive p-coumarate-thiolated-chitosan as a hydrophobic drug carriers
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219 Perceptive solutions to anti-filarial chemotherapy of lymphatic filariasis from the plethora of nanomedical sciences
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220 Pressure-sensitive mucoadhesive polymer-based dental patches to treat periodontal diseases: anin vitrostudy
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221 Bioadhesive polymers: Novel tool for drug delivery
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222 Drug delivery systems with modified release for systemic and biophase bioavailability
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223 Mucoadhesive microspheres: A short review
Garg A, Upadhyay P.
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224 Design and evaluation of buccal tablets of lisinopri
Biradar somnath manohar 
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. 2011;
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225 Qualitative analysis of controlled release ciprofloxacin/carbopol 934 mucoadhesive suspension
Sahoo S, Chakraborti CK, Mishra SC
J Adv Pharm Tech Res. 2011; 2: 195-204
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226 Study on effect of alginate and mucoadhesive polymers on drug release from nateglinide loaded mucoadhesive microcapsules
Mankala SK, Korla AC, Gade S
Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2011; 4(8): 2732-2740
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227 Development and evaluation of aceclofenac-loaded mucoadhesive microcapsules
Mankala, S. and Korla, A. and Gade, S.
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